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CVE-2025-8591· NVD / CVE Program· CNA WSO2

Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via URL Parameter in Multiple WSO2 Products Enables UI Modification

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 24/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.25% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to the record, no fixed version is available yet.

Low priority for now. Update when a fix is released; follow the vendor's advisory.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

The software accepts user-supplied input via a URL parameter without adequate output encoding before reflecting it back to the user's browser. This condition allows an attacker to inject malicious script content into pages served by the application. By leveraging this weakness, an attacker can cause the user's browser to redirect to a malicious website, modify the UI of the webpage, or retrieve information from the browser. However, the impact is mitigated by the use of httpOnly flags on session-related cookies, preventing session hijacking.

MediumCVSS 6.1 · v3.1—No exploit No fix recorded
Published
Jul 6, 2026
Updated
Oct 6, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 15th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

24

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
24 / 40 · 6.1 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · WSO2
6.1
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • No fixed version yet

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-8591

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
wso2api control plane
wso2api manager
wso2identity server
wso2identity server as key manager
wso2open banking am
wso2open banking iam
wso2traffic manager
wso2universal gateway

Limit the impact of XSS

This is a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability. A well-configured Content-Security-Policy doesn't fix it, but greatly reduces its impact. Check your site's CSP and other security headers for free.

Check security headers

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • wso2 api control plane4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.44
  • wso2 api control plane4.6.0 and later · before 4.6.0.8
  • wso2 api manager3.1.0 and later · before 3.1.0.355
  • wso2 api manager3.2.0 and later · before 3.2.0.459
  • wso2 api manager3.2.1 and later · before 3.2.1.78
  • wso2 api manager4.0.0 and later · before 4.0.0.380
  • wso2 api manager4.1.0 and later · before 4.1.0.243
  • wso2 api manager4.2.0 and later · before 4.2.0.183
  • wso2 api manager4.3.0 and later · before 4.3.0.94
  • wso2 api manager4.4.0 and later · before 4.4.0.58
  • wso2 api manager4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.43
  • wso2 api manager4.6.0 and later · before 4.6.0.7
  • wso2 identity server5.10.0 and later · before 5.10.0.384
  • wso2 identity server6.0.0 and later · before 6.0.0.255
  • wso2 identity server7.0.0 and later · before 7.0.0.131
  • wso2 identity server7.1.0 and later · before 7.1.0.51
  • wso2 identity server as key manager5.10.0 and later · before 5.10.0.375
  • wso2 open banking am2.0.0 and later · before 2.0.0.404
  • wso2 open banking iam2.0.0 and later · before 2.0.0.424
  • wso2 traffic manager4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.42

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (WSO2). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • WSO2 WSO2 API Control Plane

    • 4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.44affected
    • 4.6.0 and later · before 4.6.0.8affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 API Manager

    • before 3.1.0unknown
    • 3.1.0 and later · before 3.1.0.355affected
    • 3.2.0 and later · before 3.2.0.459affected
    • 3.2.1 and later · before 3.2.1.78affected
    • 4.0.0 and later · before 4.0.0.380affected
    • 4.1.0 and later · before 4.1.0.243affected
    • 4.2.0 and later · before 4.2.0.183affected
    • 4.3.0 and later · before 4.3.0.94affected
    • 4.4.0 and later · before 4.4.0.58affected
    • 4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.43affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Identity Server

    • before 5.10.0unknown
    • 5.10.0 and later · before 5.10.0.381affected
    • 5.10.0 and later · before 5.10.0.384affected
    • 6.0.0 and later · before 6.0.0.255affected
    • 7.0.0 and later · before 7.0.0.131affected
    • 7.1.0 and later · before 7.1.0.21affected
    • 7.1.0 and later · before 7.1.0.51affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager

    • before 5.10.0unknown
    • 5.10.0 and later · before 5.10.0.375affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Open Banking AM

    • before 2.0.0unknown
    • 2.0.0 and later · before 2.0.0.404affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Open Banking IAM

    • before 2.0.0unknown
    • 2.0.0 and later · before 2.0.0.424affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Traffic Manager

    • 4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.42affected
    • 4.6.0 and later · before 4.6.0.7affected

  • WSO2 WSO2 Universal Gateway

    • 4.5.0 and later · before 4.5.0.42affected
    • 4.6.0 and later · before 4.6.0.7affected

Same product

wso2: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-5430Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account TakeoverKEV
    70This week
  • CVE-2026-1728Privilege Escalation via System REST APIs in Multiple WSO2 Products Permits Admin Account Takeover
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2025-9312Improper Certificate-Based Authentication Enforcement in Multiple WSO2 Products
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2025-9152Improper Privilege Management in Multiple WSO2 API Manager via keymanager-operations DCR Endpoint
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2025-10611Potential Broken Access Control in Multiple WSO2 Products via System REST APIs
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2025-15039Account Takeover via Conditional Authentication Script Logic in Multiple WSO2 Products
    37Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

No fix version is recorded for this entry. Check the references for vendor advisories.

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2026-244514 days apartReflected Cross-Site Scripting via URL Parameter in Multiple WSO2 Products Enables UI Redirection and Modification
    24Monitor
  • CVE-2025-10853243 days apartReflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Management Console of Multiple WSO2 Products Due to Improper Output Encoding
    24Monitor
  • CVE-2025-5770243 days apartReflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Authentication Endpoints of Multiple WSO2 Products
    24Monitor
  • CVE-2025-5350255 days apartSSRF and Reflected XSS Vulnerability in Deprecated Try-It Feature of Multiple WSO2 Products
    19Monitor
  • CVE-2025-4760286 days apartAuthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Multiple WSO2 Products via API Document Upload in Publisher
    19Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • A user must open a link or visit a page.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
low · data can be read
Integrity
low · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
none

Impact can extend beyond the vulnerable component (scope changes).

Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
Required
Scope
Changed
Confidentiality impact
Low
Integrity impact
Low
Availability impact
None

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-79 · Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

nvd-secondary

Root cause

User content is inserted into the page as HTML. The browser interprets the content as code rather than data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-79 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

ts
commentEl.innerHTML = comment.body;

Fixed

ts
commentEl.textContent = comment.body;

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

No changes recorded on tracked fields yet. Score, KEV, exploit maturity and fix status changes appear here.

References

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records