NVD / CVE Program· CNA redhat

CVE-2025-10230: Samba: command injection in wins server hook script

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Plan (action score 52/100)

Public proof-of-concept code exists (GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 39.7% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 98.6% of all records.
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
Fixed version: www.samba.org/ samba 4.21.5, 4.21.9, 4.23.2.
Mentioned 1 time in Turkish national cyber security advisories (siberguvenlik.gov.tr).

Add it to your regular patch cycle. Upgrade to www.samba.org/ samba 4.21.5, 4.21.9, 4.23.2 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

A flaw was found in Samba, in the front-end WINS hook handling: NetBIOS names from registration packets are passed to a shell without proper validation or escaping. Unsanitized NetBIOS name data from WINS registration packets are inserted into a shell command and executed by the Samba Active Directory Domain Controller’s wins hook, allowing an unauthenticated network attacker to achieve remote command execution as the Samba process.

CriticalCVSS 10.0 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available

Published: Nov 7, 2025
Updated: Oct 18, 2026
EPSS: 39.7% · 98th percentile
CWE: CWE-78

Report tools

JSON

Action score

Plan

Add it to your regular patch cycle.

CVSS: 40 / 40 · 10.0 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 12 / 30 · 39.7%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: proof of concept
Automatable: yes
Technical impact: total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: —
CNA · redhat: 10.0; NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

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Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (redhat). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- all versionsunknown
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- all versionsunknown
- all versionsunknown
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- all versionsunknown
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
- all versionsunknown
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
- all versionsunknown
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4
- all versionsunknown
- all versionsunknown
www.samba.org/ samba
- before 4.21.9affected · semver
- 4.22.0 and later · before 4.21.5affected · semver
- 4.23.0 and later · before 4.23.2affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Alpine:v3.22	samba	before 4.21.9-r0	4.21.9-r0
Debian:12	samba	before 2:4.17.12+dfsg-0+deb12u3	2:4.17.12+dfsg-0+deb12u3
Debian:13	samba	before 2:4.22.6+dfsg-0+deb13u1	2:4.22.6+dfsg-0+deb13u1
Debian:14	samba	before 2:4.23.2+dfsg-1	2:4.23.2+dfsg-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	samba	before 4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1	4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0	samba	before 4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-160000.1.1	4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-160000.1.1
openSUSE:Tumbleweed	samba	before 4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-1.1	4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-1.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 12 SP5	samba	before 4.15.13+git.664.e8416d8d213-3.99.1	4.15.13+git.664.e8416d8d213-3.99.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3	samba	before 4.15.13+git.736.b791be993ba-150300.3.96.1	4.15.13+git.736.b791be993ba-150300.3.96.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Micro 5.3	samba	before 4.15.13+git.736.b791be993ba-150400.3.40.1	4.15.13+git.736.b791be993ba-150400.3.40.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Micro 5.5	samba	before 4.17.12+git.510.0efaadf376b-150500.3.34.1	4.17.12+git.510.0efaadf376b-150500.3.34.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6	samba	before 4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1	4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP7	samba	before 4.21.8+git.418.e80c9b2a88c-150700.3.11.2	4.21.8+git.418.e80c9b2a88c-150700.3.11.2
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0	samba	before 4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-160000.1.1	4.22.5+git.431.dc5a539f124-160000.1.1

Same product

red hat: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2026-4631Cockpit: cockpit: unauthenticated remote code execution due to ssh command-line argument injection
44Plan
CVE-2026-76578Ipa: freeipa: freeipa: unauthenticated ldap client can obtain administrator credentials via the self-managed-token aci
39Monitor
CVE-2025-4404Freeipa: idm: privilege escalation from host to domain admin in freeipa
37Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-9640Oct 15, 2025 · Samba: vfs_streams_xattr uninitialized memory write possible
17Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2025-12464Oct 31, 2025 · Qemu-kvm: stack buffer overflow in e1000 device via short frames in loopback mode
24Monitor
Later →CVE-2025-12748Nov 11, 2025 · Libvirt: denial of service in xml parsing
22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
www.samba.org/ samba	4.21.5	Vendor (CNA)
www.samba.org/ samba	4.21.9	Vendor (CNA)
www.samba.org/ samba	4.23.2	Vendor (CNA)
alpine:samba	4.21.9-r0 · Alpine:v3.22	Package registry (OSV)
debian:samba	2:4.17.12+dfsg-0+deb12u3 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:samba	4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
suse:samba	4.17.12+git.510.0efaadf376b-150500.3.34.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Micro 5.5	Package registry (OSV)
suse:samba	4.19.8+git.435.78ced6cf30d-150600.3.21.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×3

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
Source	Kind	Date
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	stars:6	2025-10-19
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	stars:1	2025-11-23
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	stars:0	2025-11-26

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

First PoCOct 19, 2025-20 d
PublishedNov 7, 2025
TodayNov 3, 2026+360 d

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

CVE-2026-4631151 days apartCockpit: cockpit: unauthenticated remote code execution due to ssh command-line argument injection
44Plan
CVE-2026-4802185 days apartCockpit: cockpit: arbitrary command execution via crafted links in system logs ui
32Monitor
CVE-2026-16524265 days apartPcp: pcp linux_sockets pmda: arbitrary command execution via command injection
31Monitor
CVE-2026-79992291 days apartEmacs: emacs: command injection via crafted filenames in tramp
31Monitor
CVE-2026-84837299 days apartRpm: command injection in `rpmbuild -t*` (`gettarspec`) via unescaped tarball path
31Monitor
CVE-2026-84838299 days apartRpm: command injection in rpmuncompress via unescaped filenames passed to popen()
31Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

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Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

National notice (Türkiye Cybersecurity Directorate / USOM)

Official security notices citing this record; remediation advice is on the agency's page.

TR-25-0345 · Oct 16, 2025(Samba Güvenlik Bildirimi)

All national notices →

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: high · data can be read
Integrity: high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Impact can extend beyond the vulnerable component (scope changes).

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: Changed
Confidentiality impact: High
Integrity impact: High
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-78 · Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Root cause

User input is inserted as text into a shell command. The shell may interpret special characters in the input as part of the command.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-78 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1const host = req.body.host;
2exec("ping -c 1 " + host, onResult);

Fixed

1const host = req.body.host;
2if (!/^[a-z0-9.-]{1,253}$/i.test(host)) return res.sendStatus(400);
3execFile("ping", ["-c", "1", host], onResult);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

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Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:11 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-10230

Show all references (4 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records