NVD / CVE Program· CNA GitHub_M

CVE-2026-45149: brace-expansion: Large numeric range defeats documented `max` DoS protection

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 30/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.30% (FIRST EPSS).
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
Fixed version: juliangruber brace-expansion 5.0.6.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to juliangruber brace-expansion 5.0.6 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

The brace-expansion library generates arbitrary strings containing a common prefix and suffix. From 5.0.0 to before 5.0.6, the max option was being applied too late. When expanding a single large numeric range like {1..10000000}, the sequence generation loop generates all 10 million intermediate elements before the max limit is applied With max=10, the output is correctly limited to 10 items, but the process still allocates ~505 MB and spends ~800ms building the full intermediate array. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.0.6.

HighCVSS 7.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Published: May 29, 2026
Updated: Jul 22, 2026
EPSS: 0.3% · 22th percentile
CWE: CWE-400

Report tools

JSON

Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 30 / 40 · 7.5 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.3%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical impact: partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: 7.5
CNA · GitHub_M: 6.5; 1.0 point gap

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
juliangruber	brace-expansion	cpe:2.3:a:juliangruber:brace-expansion

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

juliangruber brace-expansion5.0.0 and later · before 5.0.6

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (GitHub_M). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

juliangruber brace-expansion
- >= 5.0.0, < 5.0.6affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Debian:12	node-brace-expansion	from 0	—
Debian:14	node-brace-expansion	before 2.0.3+~1.1.2-3	2.0.3+~1.1.2-3
npm	brace-expansion	from 5.0.0 · before 5.0.6	5.0.6
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	cargo	before 0:1.96.0-1.hum1	0:1.96.0-1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-analyzer	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-devel	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-libs	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-resource-filesystem	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-tools-extra	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang-tools-extra-devel	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-analyzer	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-devel	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-libs	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-resource-filesystem	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-tools-extra	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clang21-tools-extra-devel	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	clippy	before 0:1.96.0-1.hum1	0:1.96.0-1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	compiler-rt	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	compiler-rt21	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	dotnet8.0	before 0:8.0.127-1.hum1	0:8.0.127-1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	git-clang-format	before 0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1	0:21.1.8-1.1.hum1
Red Hat:hummingbird:1	git-clang-format21	before 0:21.1.8-6.hum1	0:21.1.8-6.hum1

+96

Same product

juliangruber: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2026-102278brace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion on nested brace groups causing stack exhaustion
30Monitor
CVE-2026-102276brace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion in parseCommaParts causing stack exhaustion
30Monitor
CVE-2026-69152brace-expansion: DoS via unbounded intermediate arrays, bypassing the CVE-2026-14257 mitigation
30Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-5889Jun 9, 2025 · juliangruber brace-expansion index.js expand redos
5Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2026-33750Mar 27, 2026 · brace-expansion: Zero-step sequence causes process hang and memory exhaustion
30Monitor
Later →CVE-2026-13149Jun 30, 2026 · brace-expansion through 5.0.6 is vulnerable to denial of service.
30Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
juliangruber brace-expansion	5.0.6 · description	Vendor (CNA)
debian:node-brace-expansion	2.0.3+~1.1.2-3 · Debian:14	Package registry (OSV)
npm:brace-expansion	5.0.6	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:cargo	0:1.96.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:clang21	0:21.1.8-6.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:dotnet8.0	0:8.0.127-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:llvm21	0:21.1.8-6.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:llvm21-doc	0:21.1.8-6.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-bin	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-devel	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-docs	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-full-i18n	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-libs	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-npm	0:11.12.1-1.24.15.0.1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs24-npm-bin	0:24.15.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs25	0:25.9.0-1.1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs26	0:26.3.0-1.2.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs26-bin	0:26.3.0-1.2.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:nodejs26-devel	0:26.3.0-1.2.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:rust	0:1.96.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:rust-debugger-common	0:1.96.0-1.hum1 · Red Hat:hummingbird:1	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

CVE-2026-1314932 days apartbrace-expansion through 5.0.6 is vulnerable to denial of service.
30Monitor
CVE-2026-1425755 days apartbrace-expansion DoS via unbounded expansion length causing an out-of-memory process crash
30Monitor
CVE-2026-3375063 days apartbrace-expansion: Zero-step sequence causes process hang and memory exhaustion
30Monitor
CVE-2026-6915266 days apartbrace-expansion: DoS via unbounded intermediate arrays, bypassing the CVE-2026-14257 mitigation
30Monitor
CVE-2026-102276122 days apartbrace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion in parseCommaParts causing stack exhaustion
30Monitor
CVE-2026-102278122 days apartbrace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion on nested brace groups causing stack exhaustion
30Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: none
Integrity: none
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: None
Integrity impact: None
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-400 · Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Root cause

Code that parses nested structures sets no depth or size limit. A small input can turn into a disproportionate processing load.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-400 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1function expand(node) {
2  return node.children.map(expand);
3}

Fixed

1const MAX_DEPTH = 32;
2function expand(node, depth = 0) {
3  if (depth > MAX_DEPTH) throw new Error("too deep");
4  return node.children.map((c) => expand(c, depth + 1));
5}

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

Endpoint Denial of ServiceT1499

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:46 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/security/advisories/GHSA-jxxr-4gwj-5jf2

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records