Skip to content
Noroxi
NVD / CVE Program· CNA apache

CVE-2025-31651: Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Plan (action score 40/100)

  • Public proof-of-concept code exists (GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 4.2% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 91% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
  • Fixed version: tomcat (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1; tomcat-admin-webapps (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1; tomcat-docs-webapp (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1.

Add it to your regular patch cycle. Upgrade to tomcat (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1; tomcat-admin-webapps (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1; tomcat-docs-webapp (AlmaLinux:10) 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

CriticalCVSS 9.8 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available
Published
Apr 28, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
4.2% · 91th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

40

Plan

Add it to your regular patch cycle.

CVSS
39 / 40 · 9.8 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
1 / 30 · 4.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-31651

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

One daily email digest (06:00 UTC); connect a webhook for KEV listings and weaponized exploits instantly.

Your free account also gets you

Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens

  • Stack alerts: add the products and versions you run, get the new CVEs that affect them
  • Uptime monitoring: 1 site, instant email when it goes down
  • Add your domain: subdomains and takeover risk scanned every week (1 domain)
  • 10 scans an hour on the security tools (3 a day without an account), an API key and MCP
  • All your scans in one panel: findings, what changed in the last scan, a report per domain or per client (PDF, share link)
All free tools

Sign up with email · Have an account? Sign in

Free account, no card. Unfollow any time.

Don't want an account? Get "Exploited this week" by email every MondayDon't want an account? RSS feed for apache records

Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens

Is your version affected? Check it

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

We use this product, ask for help

Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
apachetomcat

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • apache tomcat9.0.0 and later · before 9.0.104
  • apache tomcat10.1.0 and later · before 10.1.40
  • apache tomcat11.0.0 and later · before 11.0.6

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apache). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat

    • 11.0.0-M1 and later · up to and including 11.0.5affected · semver
    • 10.1.0-M1 and later · up to and including 10.1.39affected · semver
    • 9.0.0.M1 and later · up to and including 9.0.102affected · semver
    • 8.5.0 and later · up to and including 8.5.100affected · semver
    • 8.0.0.RC1 and later · before 8.5.0unknown · semver
    • 10.0.0-M1 and later · up to and including 10.0.27unknown · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:10tomcatbefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-admin-webappsbefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-docs-webappbefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-el-5.0-apibefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-jsp-3.1-apibefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-libbefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-servlet-6.0-apibefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat-webappsbefore 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.11:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9before 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-admin-webappsbefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-docs-webappbefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-el-3.0-apibefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-jsp-2.3-apibefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-libbefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-servlet-4.0-apibefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:10tomcat9-webappsbefore 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.11:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
AlmaLinux:8tomcatbefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-admin-webappsbefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-docs-webappbefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-el-3.0-apibefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-jsp-2.3-apibefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-libbefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-servlet-4.0-apibefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-webappsbefore 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.71:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7

+96

Same product

apache: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-24813Apache Tomcat: Potential RCE and/or information disclosure and/or information corruption with partial PUTKEV
    99Now
  • CVE-2016-8735Remote code execution is possible with Apache Tomcat before 6.0.48, 7.x before 7.0.73, 8.x before 8.0.39, 8.5.x before 8.5.7, and 9.x beforeKEV
    96Now
  • CVE-2017-12617When running Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.0, 8.5.0 to 8.5.22, 8.0.0.RC1 to 8.0.46 and 7.0.0 to 7.0.81 with HTTP PUTs enabled (e.g.KEV
    92Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2024-56337Dec 20, 2024 · Apache Tomcat: RCE due to TOCTOU issue in JSP compilation - CVE-2024-50379 mitigation was incomplete
    42Plan
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-31650Apr 28, 2025 · Apache Tomcat: DoS via malformed HTTP/2 PRIORITY_UPDATE frame
    48Plan
  • Later →CVE-2025-46701May 29, 2025 · Apache Tomcat: Security constraint bypass for CGI scripts
    30Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
almalinux:tomcat1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-admin-webapps1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-docs-webapp1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-el-3.0-api1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-el-5.0-api1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-jsp-2.3-api1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-jsp-3.1-api1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-lib1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-servlet-4.0-api1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-servlet-6.0-api1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-webapps1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat91:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10Package registry (OSV)
debian:tomcat1010.1.40-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:tomcat1111.0.6-1 · Debian:13Package registry (OSV)
debian:tomcat99.0.70-2 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina10.1.40Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina11.0.6Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina9.0.104Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core10.1.40Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core11.0.6Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core9.0.104Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:tomcat9.0.104-150200.81.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:tomcat1010.1.40-150200.5.40.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.8::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.8::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws6-tomcat0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:6.1::el10Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws6-tomcat-admin-webapps0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:6.1::el10Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws6-tomcat-docs-webapp0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:6.1::el10Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:6.1::el10Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws6-tomcat-javadoc0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:6.1::el10Package registry (OSV)

+9

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

  • Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×2

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:22025-04-08
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02026-03-09

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. First PoC-21 d
  2. Published
  3. TodayNov 2, 2026+553 d

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2026-34483346 days apartApache Tomcat: Incomplete escaping of JSON access logs
    30Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-116 · Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (2 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records