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NVD / CVE Program· CNA apple

CVE-2026-28861: A logic issue was addressed with improved state management.

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 17/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.32% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: webkit2gtk (Debian:13) 2.52.3-2~deb13u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:14) 2.52.1-1; wpewebkit (Debian:14) 2.52.1-1.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to webkit2gtk (Debian:13) 2.52.3-2~deb13u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:14) 2.52.1-1; wpewebkit (Debian:14) 2.52.1-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in Safari 26.4, iOS 18.7.7 and iPadOS 18.7.7, iOS 26.4 and iPadOS 26.4, macOS Tahoe 26.4, visionOS 26.4. A malicious website may be able to access script message handlers intended for other origins.

MediumCVSS 4.3 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Mar 24, 2026
Updated
Oct 26, 2026
EPSS
0.3% · 25th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

17

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
17 / 40 · 4.3 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.3%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

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Follow CVE-2026-28861

When you'll hear from us

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  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
applesafari
appleipados
appleiphone os
applemacos
applevisionos

Limit the impact of XSS

This is a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability. A well-configured Content-Security-Policy doesn't fix it, but greatly reduces its impact. Check your site's CSP and other security headers for free.

Check security headers

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • apple ipados26.0 and later · before 26.4
  • apple ipadosbefore 18.7.7
  • apple iphone osbefore 18.7.7
  • apple iphone os26.0 and later · before 26.4
  • apple macosbefore 26.4
  • apple safaribefore 26.4
  • apple visionosbefore 26.4

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apple). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Apple iOS and iPadOS

    • before 18.7.7affected
    • before 26.4affected

  • Apple macOS

    • before 26.4affected

  • Apple Safari

    • before 26.4affected

  • Apple visionOS

    • before 26.4affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:12webkit2gtkfrom 0—
Debian:12wpewebkitfrom 0—
Debian:13webkit2gtkbefore 2.52.3-2~deb13u12.52.3-2~deb13u1
Debian:14webkit2gtkbefore 2.52.1-12.52.1-1
Debian:14wpewebkitbefore 2.52.1-12.52.1-1

Same product

apple: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-43529A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-28205A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-32439A type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
    72This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2026-28857Mar 24, 2026 · The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    26Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2026-28859Mar 24, 2026 · The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    17Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2026-28871Mar 24, 2026 · A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.
    17Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
debian:webkit2gtk2.52.3-2~deb13u1 · Debian:13Package registry (OSV)
debian:wpewebkit2.52.1-1 · Debian:14Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2025-43440140 days apartThis issue was addressed with improved checks.
    26Monitor
  • CVE-2025-24158421 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    26Monitor
  • CVE-2025-43229238 days apartThis issue was addressed through improved state management.
    24Monitor
  • CVE-2025-24208358 days apartA permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions.
    24Monitor
  • CVE-2026-86898174 days apartA logic issue was addressed with improved state management.
    21Monitor
  • CVE-2026-288710 days apartA logic issue was addressed with improved checks.
    17Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • A user must open a link or visit a page.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
low · data can be read
Integrity
none
Availability
none
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
Required
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
Low
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
None

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-79 · Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

nvd-secondary

Root cause

User content is inserted into the page as HTML. The browser interprets the content as code rather than data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-79 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

ts
commentEl.innerHTML = comment.body;

Fixed

ts
commentEl.textContent = comment.body;

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (7 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records