NVD / CVE Program· CNA apple

CVE-2023-28205: A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.

Noroxi assessment

Priority: This week (action score 73/100)

CISA has confirmed exploitation in the wild (Apr 10, 2023). Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: May 1, 2023.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 27% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 98% of all records.
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
Fixed version: webkit2gtk3 (AlmaLinux:8) 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3, 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3; webkit2gtk3-devel (AlmaLinux:8) 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3, 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3; webkit2gtk3-jsc (AlmaLinux:8) 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3, 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3.
Mentioned 4 times in Turkish national cyber security advisories (siberguvenlik.gov.tr).

Don’t wait for the next maintenance window. Upgrade to webkit2gtk3 (AlmaLinux:8) 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3, 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3; webkit2gtk3-devel (AlmaLinux:8) 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3, 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3; webkit2gtk3-jsc (AlmaLinux:8) 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3, 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · CISA KEV · FIRST EPSS

A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in Safari 16.4.1, iOS 15.7.5 and iPadOS 15.7.5, iOS 16.4.1 and iPadOS 16.4.1, macOS Ventura 13.3.1. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited.

HighCVSS 8.8 · v3.1KEVWeaponized Fix available

Published: Apr 10, 2023
Updated: Jun 17, 2026
EPSS: 27.0% · 98th percentile
CWE: CWE-416

Report tools

JSON

Action score

This week

Don’t wait for the next maintenance window.

CVSS: 35 / 40 · 8.8 / 10
CISA KEV: 30 / 30 · Listed
EPSS: 8 / 30 · 27.0%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: active
Automatable: no
Technical impact: total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Actively exploited in the wild

CISA added this to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on Apr 10, 2023. That signals real attacks, not theory.

Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: May 1, 2023.

Get told when this record changes

In CISA KEV: exploitation in the wild confirmed
Weaponized exploit exists
A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
apple	safari	cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari
apple	ipados	cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados
apple	iphone os	cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os
apple	macos	cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

apple ipadosbefore 15.7.5
apple ipados16.0 and later · before 16.4.1
apple iphone osbefore 15.7.5
apple iphone os16.0 and later · before 16.4.1
apple macosbefore 13.3.1
apple safaribefore 16.4.1

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apple). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Apple iOS and iPadOS
- unspecified and later · before 15.7affected
- unspecified and later · before 16.4affected
Apple macOS
- unspecified and later · before 13.3affected
Apple Safari
- unspecified and later · before 16.4affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3	before 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3	2.38.5-1.el8_8.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3	before 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3	2.36.7-1.el8_7.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-devel	before 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3	2.36.7-1.el8_7.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-devel	before 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3	2.38.5-1.el8_8.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-jsc	before 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3	2.38.5-1.el8_8.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-jsc	before 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3	2.36.7-1.el8_7.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	before 2.36.7-1.el8_7.3	2.36.7-1.el8_7.3
AlmaLinux:8	webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	before 2.38.5-1.el8_8.3	2.38.5-1.el8_8.3
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3	before 2.38.5-1.el9_2.1	2.38.5-1.el9_2.1
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3	before 2.36.7-1.el9_1.3	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-devel	before 2.36.7-1.el9_1.3	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-devel	before 2.38.5-1.el9_2.1	2.38.5-1.el9_2.1
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-jsc	before 2.38.5-1.el9_2.1	2.38.5-1.el9_2.1
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-jsc	before 2.36.7-1.el9_1.3	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	before 2.38.5-1.el9_2.1	2.38.5-1.el9_2.1
AlmaLinux:9	webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	before 2.36.7-1.el9_1.3	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3
Debian:10	webkit2gtk	before 2.38.6-0+deb10u1	2.38.6-0+deb10u1
Debian:11	webkit2gtk	before 2.40.1-1~deb11u1	2.40.1-1~deb11u1
Debian:11	wpewebkit	before 2.38.6-1~deb11u1	2.38.6-1~deb11u1
Debian:12	webkit2gtk	before 2.40.1-1	2.40.1-1
Debian:12	wpewebkit	before 2.38.6-1	2.38.6-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.4	webkit2gtk3	before 2.38.6-150200.72.1	2.38.6-150200.72.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.4	webkit2gtk3	before 2.38.6-150400.4.39.1	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.4	webkit2gtk3-soup2	before 2.38.6-150400.4.39.1	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1

+27

Same product

apple: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2025-43529A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
73This week
CVE-2023-32439A type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
72This week
CVE-2023-32435A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management.KEV
72This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2023-23518Feb 27, 2023 · The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
35Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2023-23529Feb 27, 2023 · A type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
68This week
Later →CVE-2022-32885May 8, 2023 · A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation.
35Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
almalinux:webkit2gtk3	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · AlmaLinux:9	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-devel	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · AlmaLinux:9	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-jsc	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · AlmaLinux:9	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · AlmaLinux:9	Package registry (OSV)
debian:webkit2gtk	2.40.1-1 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
debian:wpewebkit	2.38.6-1 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk3	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.4	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk3-soup2	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.4	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk4	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.4	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debuginfo	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debugsource	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel-debuginfo	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-debuginfo	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel-debuginfo	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
rocky linux:webkit2gtk3	0:2.36.7-1.el9_1.3 · Rocky Linux:9	Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Desktop Applications 15 SP4	Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3	2.38.6-2.136.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9	Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3-soup2	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP4	Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk4	2.38.6-150400.4.39.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP4	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

Weaponized

A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.

Evidence

Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×2

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
Source	Kind	Date
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	stars:18	2024-11-30
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	stars:9	2026-01-04

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

CISA KEVApr 10, 2023-1 d
PublishedApr 10, 2023
First PoCNov 30, 2024+599 d
TodayOct 28, 2026+1297 d

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

National notice (Türkiye Cybersecurity Directorate / USOM)

Official security notices citing this record; remediation advice is on the agency's page.

TR-23-0396 · Jul 12, 2023(Apple Güvenlik Güncellemesi)
TR-23-0373 · Jun 22, 2023(Apple Güvenlik Güncellemesi)
TR-23-0277 · May 22, 2023(Apple Güvenlik Güncellemesi)
TR-23-0213 · Apr 12, 2023(Apple Güvenlik Güncellemesi)

All national notices →

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
A user must open a link or visit a page.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: high · data can be read
Integrity: high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: Required
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: High
Integrity impact: High
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-primary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-416 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1free(dev->buf);
2/* ... another thread is still running ... */
3process(dev->buf);

Fixed

1lock(&dev->lock);
2free(dev->buf);
3dev->buf = NULL;
4unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:45 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

support.apple.com/en-us/HT213720

Show all references (4 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

We use this product, ask for help

Data sources and verification

CNA: apple

CVE.org (CNA)Oct 21, 2025, 11:15 PM UTC
CISA ADPOct 21, 2025, 11:15 PM UTC
NVDJun 17, 2026, 1:47 AM UTC
FIRST EPSSOct 27, 2026, 12:00 AM UTC
OSV / GHSAOct 28, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC
PoC-in-GitHubOct 28, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC

Each line is when that source was last processed for this record.