NVD / CVE Program· CNA GitHub_M

CVE-2025-61780: Rack has Possible Information Disclosure Vulnerability

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 21/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.55% (FIRST EPSS).
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
Fixed version: ruby-rack (Debian:11) 2.1.4-3+deb11u4; ruby-rack (Debian:12) 2.2.20-0+deb12u1; ruby-rack (Debian:13) 3.1.18-1~deb13u1.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to ruby-rack (Debian:11) 2.1.4-3+deb11u4; ruby-rack (Debian:12) 2.2.20-0+deb12u1; ruby-rack (Debian:13) 3.1.18-1~deb13u1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, a possible information disclosure vulnerability existed in `Rack::Sendfile` when running behind a proxy that supports `x-sendfile` headers (such as Nginx). Specially crafted headers could cause `Rack::Sendfile` to miscommunicate with the proxy and trigger unintended internal requests, potentially bypassing proxy-level access restrictions. When `Rack::Sendfile` received untrusted `x-sendfile-type` or `x-accel-mapping` headers from a client, it would interpret them as proxy configuration directives. This could cause the middleware to send a "redirect" response to the proxy, prompting it to reissue a new internal request that was not subject to the proxy's access controls. An attacker could exploit this by setting a crafted `x-sendfile-type: x-accel-redirect` header, setting a crafted `x-accel-mapping` header, and requesting a path that qualifies for proxy-based acceleration. Attackers could bypass proxy-enforced restrictions and access internal endpoints intended to be protected (such as administrative pages). The vulnerability did not allow arbitrary file reads but could expose sensitive application routes. This issue only affected systems meeting all of the following conditions: The application used `Rack::Sendfile` with a proxy that supports `x-accel-redirect` (e.g., Nginx); the proxy did **not** always set or remove the `x-sendfile-type` and `x-accel-mapping` headers; and the application exposed an endpoint that returned a body responding to `.to_path`. Users should upgrade to Rack versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, or 3.2.3, which require explicit configuration to enable `x-accel-redirect`. Alternatively, configure the proxy to always set or strip the header, or in Rails applications, disable sendfile completely.

MediumCVSS 5.3 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Published: Oct 10, 2025
Updated: Oct 19, 2026
EPSS: 0.5% · 46th percentile
CWE: CWE-200

Report tools

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Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.5%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical impact: partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: 5.3
CNA · GitHub_M: 5.8; 0.5 point gap

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
rack	rack	cpe:2.3:a:rack:rack

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

rack rackbefore 2.2.20
rack rack3.0.0 and later · before 3.1.18
rack rack3.2.0 and later · before 3.2.3

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (GitHub_M). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

rack rack
- < 2.2.20, >= 3.0, < 3.1.18, >= 3.2, < 3.2.3affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Debian:11	ruby-rack	before 2.1.4-3+deb11u4	2.1.4-3+deb11u4
Debian:12	ruby-rack	before 2.2.20-0+deb12u1	2.2.20-0+deb12u1
Debian:13	ruby-rack	before 3.1.18-1~deb13u1	3.1.18-1~deb13u1
Debian:14	ruby-rack	before 3.1.18-1	3.1.18-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	rubygem-rack	before 2.2.20-150000.3.34.1	2.2.20-150000.3.34.1
RubyGems	rack	from 3.0 · before 3.1.18	3.1.18
RubyGems	rack	from 3.2 · before 3.2.3	3.2.3
RubyGems	rack	before 2.2.20	2.2.20
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3	rubygem-rack	before 2.2.20-150000.3.34.1	2.2.20-150000.3.34.1

Same product

rack: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2024-25126Rack ReDos in content type parsing (2nd degree polynomial)
41Plan
CVE-2024-26146Possible Denial of Service Vulnerability in Rack Header Parsing
31Monitor
CVE-2023-27530A DoS vulnerability exists in Rack <v3.0.4.2, <v2.2.6.3, <v2.1.4.3 and <v2.0.9.3 within in the Multipart MIME parsing code in which could al
31Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-61771Oct 7, 2025 · Rack's multipart parser buffers large non‑file fields entirely in memory, enabling DoS (memory exhaustion)
30Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2025-61772Oct 7, 2025 · Rack's multipart parser buffers unbounded per-part headers, enabling DoS (memory exhaustion)
30Monitor
Later →CVE-2025-61919Oct 10, 2025 · Rack is vulnerable to a memory-exhaustion DoS through unbounded URL-encoded body parsing
30Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
debian:ruby-rack	2.2.20-0+deb12u1 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:rubygem-rack	2.2.20-150000.3.34.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
RubyGems:rack	2.2.20	Package registry (OSV)
RubyGems:rack	3.1.18	Package registry (OSV)
RubyGems:rack	3.2.3	Package registry (OSV)
suse:rubygem-rack	2.2.20-150000.3.34.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: low · data can be read
Integrity: none
Availability: none

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: Low
Integrity impact: None
Availability impact: None

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-200 · Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

nvd-primary

Root cause

The extension requests broader permissions than its function needs and sends the data it collects out for purposes beyond its stated function.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-200 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

json

1{
2  "permissions": ["tabs", "<all_urls>"],
3  "background": { "service_worker": "analytics.js" }
4}

Fixed

json

1{
2  "permissions": ["activeTab"],
3  "host_permissions": ["https://yildiz.example/*"]
4}

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:48 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

github.com/rack/rack/commit/57277b7741581fa827472c5c666f6e6a33abd784

Show all references (3 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records