NVD / CVE Program· CNA Go

CVE-2025-61729: Excessive resource consumption when printing error string for host certificate validation in crypto/x509

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 30/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.45% (FIRST EPSS).
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
Fixed version: Go standard library crypto/x509 1.24.11, 1.25.5.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Go standard library crypto/x509 1.24.11, 1.25.5 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

HighCVSS 7.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Published: Dec 2, 2025
Updated: Oct 18, 2026
EPSS: 0.4% · 39th percentile
CWE: CWE-295

Report tools

JSON

Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 30 / 40 · 7.5 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.4%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical impact: partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

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Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
golang	go	cpe:2.3:a:golang:go

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Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

golang gobefore 1.24.11
golang go1.25.0 and later · before 1.25.5

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Go). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Go standard library crypto/x509
- before 1.24.11affected · semver
- 1.25.0 and later · before 1.25.5affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
AlmaLinux:10	buildah	before 2:1.41.8-2.el10_1	2:1.41.8-2.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	buildah-tests	before 2:1.41.8-2.el10_1	2:1.41.8-2.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	delve	before 1.25.2-2.el10_1	1.25.2-2.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	delve	before 1.26.1-1.el10_2	1.26.1-1.el10_2
AlmaLinux:10	git-lfs	before 3.6.1-7.el10_1	3.6.1-7.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	golang-docs	before 1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1	1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10	golang-misc	before 1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1	1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10	golang-src	before 1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1	1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10	golang-tests	before 1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1	1.25.5-1.el10_1.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10	grafana	before 10.2.6-22.el10_1	10.2.6-22.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	grafana-pcp	before 5.3.0-2.el10_1	5.3.0-2.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	grafana-selinux	before 10.2.6-22.el10_1	10.2.6-22.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	image-builder	before 31-4.el10_1	31-4.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	ipp-usb	before 0.9.27-4.el10_1	0.9.27-4.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	opentelemetry-collector	before 0.135.0-3.el10_1	0.135.0-3.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	osbuild-composer	before 149-5.el10_1.alma.3	149-5.el10_1.alma.3
AlmaLinux:10	osbuild-composer-core	before 149-5.el10_1.alma.3	149-5.el10_1.alma.3
AlmaLinux:10	osbuild-composer-worker	before 149-5.el10_1.alma.3	149-5.el10_1.alma.3
AlmaLinux:10	podman-docker	before 7:5.6.0-12.el10_1.alma.1	7:5.6.0-12.el10_1.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10	skopeo	before 2:1.20.0-3.el10_1	2:1.20.0-3.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	skopeo-tests	before 2:1.20.0-3.el10_1	2:1.20.0-3.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	yggdrasil	before 0.4.8-3.el10_1	0.4.8-3.el10_1
AlmaLinux:10	yggdrasil-devel	before 0.4.8-3.el10_1	0.4.8-3.el10_1
AlmaLinux:8	aardvark-dns	before 2:1.10.1-2.module_el8.10.0+4047+545787c4	2:1.10.1-2.module_el8.10.0+4047+545787c4

+96

Same product

golang: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2018-7187The "go get" implementation in Go 1.9.4, when the -insecure command-line option is used, does not validate the import path (get/vcs.go only
54Plan
CVE-2018-16873In Go before 1.10.6 and 1.11.x before 1.11.3, the "go get" command is vulnerable to remote code execution when executed with the -u flag and
52Plan
CVE-2021-38297Go before 1.16.9 and 1.17.x before 1.17.2 has a Buffer Overflow via large arguments in a function invocation from a WASM module, when GOARCH
42Plan

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-61723Oct 29, 2025 · Quadratic complexity when parsing some invalid inputs in encoding/pem
30Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2025-61724Oct 29, 2025 · Excessive CPU consumption in Reader.ReadResponse in net/textproto
21Monitor
Later →CVE-2025-61727Dec 3, 2025 · Improper application of excluded DNS name constraints when verifying wildcard names in crypto/x509
26Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
Go standard library crypto/x509	1.24.11	Vendor (CNA)
Go standard library crypto/x509	1.25.5	Vendor (CNA)
almalinux:delve	1.25.2-1.module_el8.10.0+4074+24330916 · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:go-toolset	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-bin	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-docs	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-misc	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-race	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-src	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:golang-tests	1.25.5-1.module_el8.10.0+4107+b32a33ce · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grafana	9.2.10-27.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grafana-pcp	5.1.1-11.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grafana-selinux	9.2.10-27.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8	Package registry (OSV)
debian:golang-1.25	1.25.6-1 · Debian:14	Package registry (OSV)
Go:stdlib	1.24.11	Package registry (OSV)
Go:stdlib	1.25.5	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:buildpacks-cli	0.39.1-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:cf-cli	8.18.3+git.0.83ce51d9c-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:digger-cli	0.6.143-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:go1.24	1.24.11-150000.1.50.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:go1.24-openssl	1.24.12-150600.13.15.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:go1.25	1.25.5-150000.1.23.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:go1.25-openssl	1.25.6-150600.13.9.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:k6	1.5.0-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:regclient	0.11.1-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah	2:1.39.6-2.el9_6 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.6::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:delve	0:1.25.2-1.module+el8.10.0+23746+9db33b5e · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:delve-debuginfo	0:1.25.2-1.module+el8.10.0+23746+9db33b5e · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream	Package registry (OSV)
red hat:delve-debugsource	0:1.25.2-1.module+el8.10.0+23746+9db33b5e · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream	Package registry (OSV)

+28

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Philippe Antoine (Catena cyber)

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

CVE-2025-6812165 days apartUnexpected session resumption in crypto/tls
40Plan
CVE-2026-33810126 days apartCase-sensitive excludedSubtrees name constraints cause Auth Bypass in crypto/x509
32Monitor
CVE-2025-5818834 days apartPanic when validating certificates with DSA public keys in crypto/x509
30Monitor
CVE-2026-2713794 days apartIncorrect enforcement of email constraints in crypto/x509
30Monitor
CVE-2026-32281126 days apartInefficient policy validation in crypto/x509
30Monitor
CVE-2025-617271 days apartImproper application of excluded DNS name constraints when verifying wildcard names in crypto/x509
26Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: none
Integrity: none
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: None
Integrity impact: None
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-295 · Improper Certificate Validation

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-secondary

Root cause

A certificate validation error is silently swallowed instead of terminating the connection. Often, code added for a test environment makes its way into production.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-295 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

kotlin

1override fun checkServerTrusted(chain: Array<X509Certificate>, type: String) {
2  // Left empty for the test environment
3}

Fixed

kotlin

1val client = OkHttpClient.Builder()
2  .certificatePinner(
3    CertificatePinner.Builder()
4      .add("api.sirius.example", "sha256/…")
5      .build()
6  ).build()

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:10 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

go.dev/cl/725920

Show all references (3 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records