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NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2025-38129: page_pool: Fix use-after-free in page_pool_recycle_in_ring

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 31/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.19% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 1a8c0b61d4cb55c5440583ec9e7f86a730369e32, 271683bb2cf32e5126c592b5d5e6a756fa374fd9, 4914c0a166540e534a0c1d43affd329d95fb56fd.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 1a8c0b61d4cb55c5440583ec9e7f86a730369e32, 271683bb2cf32e5126c592b5d5e6a756fa374fd9, 4914c0a166540e534a0c1d43affd329d95fb56fd or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: page_pool: Fix use-after-free in page_pool_recycle_in_ring syzbot reported a uaf in page_pool_recycle_in_ring: BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in lock_release+0x151/0xa30 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5862 Read of size 8 at addr ffff8880286045a0 by task syz.0.284/6943 CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 6943 Comm: syz.0.284 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc3-syzkaller-gdfa94ce54f41 #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024 Call Trace: <TASK> __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:120 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline] print_report+0x169/0x550 mm/kasan/report.c:489 kasan_report+0x143/0x180 mm/kasan/report.c:602 lock_release+0x151/0xa30 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5862 __raw_spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:165 [inline] _raw_spin_unlock_bh+0x1b/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:210 spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock.h:396 [inline] ptr_ring_produce_bh include/linux/ptr_ring.h:164 [inline] page_pool_recycle_in_ring net/core/page_pool.c:707 [inline] page_pool_put_unrefed_netmem+0x748/0xb00 net/core/page_pool.c:826 page_pool_put_netmem include/net/page_pool/helpers.h:323 [inline] page_pool_put_full_netmem include/net/page_pool/helpers.h:353 [inline] napi_pp_put_page+0x149/0x2b0 net/core/skbuff.c:1036 skb_pp_recycle net/core/skbuff.c:1047 [inline] skb_free_head net/core/skbuff.c:1094 [inline] skb_release_data+0x6c4/0x8a0 net/core/skbuff.c:1125 skb_release_all net/core/skbuff.c:1190 [inline] __kfree_skb net/core/skbuff.c:1204 [inline] sk_skb_reason_drop+0x1c9/0x380 net/core/skbuff.c:1242 kfree_skb_reason include/linux/skbuff.h:1263 [inline] __skb_queue_purge_reason include/linux/skbuff.h:3343 [inline] root cause is: page_pool_recycle_in_ring ptr_ring_produce spin_lock(&r->producer_lock); WRITE_ONCE(r->queue[r->producer++], ptr) //recycle last page to pool page_pool_release page_pool_scrub page_pool_empty_ring ptr_ring_consume page_pool_return_page //release all page __page_pool_destroy free_percpu(pool->recycle_stats); free(pool) //free spin_unlock(&r->producer_lock); //pool->ring uaf read recycle_stat_inc(pool, ring); page_pool can be free while page pool recycle the last page in ring. Add producer-lock barrier to page_pool_release to prevent the page pool from being free before all pages have been recycled. recycle_stat_inc() is empty when CONFIG_PAGE_POOL_STATS is not enabled, which will trigger Wempty-body build warning. Add definition for pool stat macro to fix warning.

HighCVSS 7.8 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Jul 3, 2025
Updated
Aug 5, 2026
EPSS
0.1% · 9th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

31

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
31 / 40 · 7.8 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.1%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
7.8
CNA · Linux
7.8
agree

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel4.18 and later · before 6.12.34
  • linux linux kernel6.13 and later · before 6.15.3

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 4.18affected
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before c2c906142293931e33ef4be79ebc36c25c4e21ddaffected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before d69f28ef7cdafdcf37ee310f38b1399e7d05f9a8affected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before 1a8c0b61d4cb55c5440583ec9e7f86a730369e32affected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before 4914c0a166540e534a0c1d43affd329d95fb56fdaffected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before e869a85acc2e60dc554579b910826a4919d8cd98affected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before 4ab8c0f8905c9c4d05e7f437e65a9a365573ff02affected · git
    • ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f and later · before 271683bb2cf32e5126c592b5d5e6a756fa374fd9affected · git
    • before 4.18not affected · semver
    • 5.10.259 and later · up to and including 5.10.*not affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8bpftoolbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernelbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-abi-stablelistsbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-corebefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-cross-headersbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debugbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-corebefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-develbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-develbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-docbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-headersbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rtbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-corebefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-debugbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-debug-corebefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-debug-develbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-debug-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-debug-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-develbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-rt-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_104.18.0-553.107.1.rt7.448.el8_10

+96

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV
    90Now
  • CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV
    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-38126Jul 3, 2025 · net: stmmac: make sure that ptp_rate is not 0 before configuring timestamping
    22Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-38128Jul 3, 2025 · Bluetooth: MGMT: reject malformed HCI_CMD_SYNC commands
    22Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-38130Jul 3, 2025 · drm/connector: only call HDMI audio helper plugged cb if non-null
    22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux1a8c0b61d4cb55c5440583ec9e7f86a730369e32Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux271683bb2cf32e5126c592b5d5e6a756fa374fd9Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux4914c0a166540e534a0c1d43affd329d95fb56fdVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux4ab8c0f8905c9c4d05e7f437e65a9a365573ff02Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxc2c906142293931e33ef4be79ebc36c25c4e21ddVendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxd69f28ef7cdafdcf37ee310f38b1399e7d05f9a8Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxe869a85acc2e60dc554579b910826a4919d8cd98Vendor (CNA)
almalinux:kernel5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-core5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-core5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-devel5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules-core5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules-extra5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-devel5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-devel-matched5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux6.1.162-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux-6.16.1.162-1~deb11u1 · Debian:11Package registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debuginfo0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel-matched0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-611.35.1.el9_7 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)

+15

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-primary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-416 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

c
free(dev->buf);/* ... another thread is still running ... */process(dev->buf);

Fixed

c
lock(&dev->lock);free(dev->buf);dev->buf = NULL;unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (6 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records