NVD / CVE Program· CNA apple

CVE-2025-31239: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.

MediumCVSS 4.3 · v3.1—No exploit No fix recorded

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 17/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.68% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 52.9% of all records.
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
According to the record, no fixed version is available yet.

Low priority for now. Update when a fix is released; follow the vendor's advisory.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, iPadOS 17.7.7, macOS Sequoia 15.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6, macOS Ventura 13.7.6, tvOS 18.5, visionOS 2.5, watchOS 11.5. Parsing a file may lead to an unexpected app termination.

BDU:2025-05553

Published: May 12, 2025
Updated: Nov 3, 2026
EPSS: 0.6% · 52th percentile
CWE: CWE-416

Report tools

JSON

Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 17 / 40 · 4.3 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.6%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical impact: total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
No fixed version yet

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Is your version affected? Check it

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
apple	ipados	cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados
apple	iphone os	cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os
apple	macos	cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos
apple	tvos	cpe:2.3:o:apple:tvos
apple	visionos	cpe:2.3:o:apple:visionos
apple	watchos	cpe:2.3:o:apple:watchos

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apple). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Apple iOS and iPadOS
- before 18.5affected
Apple iPadOS
- before 17.7.7affected
Apple macOS
- before 13.7.6affected
- before 14.7.6affected
- before 15.5affected
Apple tvOS
- before 18.5affected
Apple visionOS
- before 2.5affected
Apple watchOS
- before 11.5affected

Affected versions · NVD (9)

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

apple ipadosbefore 17.7.7
apple ipados18.0 and later · before 18.5
apple iphone osbefore 18.5
apple macos13.0 and later · before 13.7.6
apple macos14.0 and later · before 14.7.6
apple macos15.0 and later · before 15.5
apple tvosbefore 18.5
apple visionosbefore 2.5
apple watchosbefore 11.5

Same product

apple: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2025-43300An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved bounds checking.KEV
89Now
CVE-2021-30860An integer overflow was addressed with improved input validation.KEV
84Now
CVE-2023-32434An integer overflow was addressed with improved input validation.KEV
78This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-31234May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved input sanitization.
32Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2025-31235May 12, 2025 · A double free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
26Monitor
Later →CVE-2025-31241May 12, 2025 · A double free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
21Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

No fix version is recorded for this entry. Check the references for vendor advisories.

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

CVE-2025-24085105 days apartA use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
75This week
CVE-2023-41974488 days apartA use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
62This week
CVE-2025-4322278 days apartA use-after-free issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code.
39Monitor
CVE-2026-43778441 days apartA use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
39Monitor
CVE-2026-64729441 days apartA use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
39Monitor
CVE-2026-64751441 days apartA use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
39Monitor

Not on record for this CVE: EPSS history · patch commit or PR link · researcher credit · public bounty program.

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
A user must open a link or visit a page.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: none
Integrity: none
Availability: low · the service can be disrupted

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: Required
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: None
Integrity impact: None
Availability impact: Low

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

nvd-secondary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-416 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1free(dev->buf);
2/* ... another thread is still running ... */
3process(dev->buf);

Fixed

1lock(&dev->lock);
2free(dev->buf);
3dev->buf = NULL;
4unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log (0)

No changes recorded on tracked fields yet. Score, KEV, exploit maturity and fix status changes appear here.

References

support.apple.com/en-us/122404

Show all references (14 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records