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Noroxi
NVD / CVE Program· CNA apple

CVE-2025-31223: The issue was addressed with improved checks.

HighCVSS 8.0 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 32/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.59% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: webkit2gtk3 (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10; webkit2gtk3-devel (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10; webkit2gtk3-jsc (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to webkit2gtk3 (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10; webkit2gtk3-devel (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10; webkit2gtk3-jsc (AlmaLinux:8) 2.50.0-1.el8_10 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.5, iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, macOS Sequoia 15.5, tvOS 18.5, visionOS 2.5, watchOS 11.5. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.

Published
May 12, 2025
Updated
Sep 1, 2026
EPSS
0.5% · 48th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

32

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
32 / 40 · 8.0 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.5%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-31223

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
applesafari
appleipados
appleiphone os
applemacos
appletvos
applevisionos
applewatchos

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apple). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Apple iOS and iPadOS

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple macOS

    • before 15.5affected

  • Apple Safari

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple tvOS

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple visionOS

    • before 2.5affected

  • Apple watchOS

    • before 11.5affected
Affected versions · NVD (7)

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • apple ipadosbefore 18.5
  • apple iphone osbefore 18.5
  • apple macosbefore 15.5
  • apple safaribefore 18.5
  • apple tvosbefore 18.5
  • apple visionosbefore 2.5
  • apple watchosbefore 11.5

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8webkit2gtk3before 2.50.0-1.el8_102.50.0-1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8webkit2gtk3-develbefore 2.50.0-1.el8_102.50.0-1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8webkit2gtk3-jscbefore 2.50.0-1.el8_102.50.0-1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8webkit2gtk3-jsc-develbefore 2.50.0-1.el8_102.50.0-1.el8_10
Debian:12webkit2gtkbefore 2.50.1-1~deb12u12.50.1-1~deb12u1
Debian:12wpewebkitfrom 0—
Debian:13webkit2gtkbefore 2.50.1-1~deb13u12.50.1-1~deb13u1
Debian:14webkit2gtkbefore 2.50.0-12.50.0-1
Debian:14wpewebkitbefore 2.50.0-12.50.0-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk3before 2.52.1-150600.12.63.12.52.1-150600.12.63.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk3-soup2before 2.52.1-150600.12.63.12.52.1-150600.12.63.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk4before 2.52.1-150600.12.63.12.52.1-150600.12.63.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0webkit2gtk3before 2.52.1-160000.1.12.52.1-160000.1.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0webkit2gtk3-soup2before 2.52.1-160000.1.12.52.1-160000.1.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0webkit2gtk4before 2.52.1-160000.1.12.52.1-160000.1.1
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3before 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-debuginfobefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-debugsourcebefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-develbefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-devel-debuginfobefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jscbefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-debuginfobefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-develbefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-devel-debuginfobefore 0:2.50.0-1.el8_100:2.50.0-1.el8_10

+87

Same product

apple: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-43529A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-28205A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-32439A type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
    72This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-31215May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved checks.
    26Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-31217May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved input validation.
    26Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-31238May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved checks.
    29Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
almalinux:webkit2gtk32.50.0-1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-devel2.50.0-1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-jsc2.50.0-1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel2.50.0-1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
debian:webkit2gtk2.50.1-1~deb12u1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:wpewebkit2.50.0-1 · Debian:14Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk32.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk42.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk30:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debuginfo0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debugsource0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel-debuginfo0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-debuginfo0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel-debuginfo0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkitgtk40:2.50.0-1.el7_9 · Red Hat:rhel_els:7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkitgtk4-debuginfo0:2.50.0-1.el7_9 · Red Hat:rhel_els:7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkitgtk4-devel0:2.50.0-1.el7_9 · Red Hat:rhel_els:7Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk32.52.0-4.54.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk32.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Desktop Applications 15 SP7Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.52.0-150400.4.137.3 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP7Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk42.52.0-150400.4.137.3 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk42.52.1-150600.12.63.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP7Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2025-3127778 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.KEV
    66This week
  • CVE-2025-43343126 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2025-312040 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2025-241897 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved checks.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2025-3127378 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2025-3127878 days apartThe issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor

Not on record for this CVE: EPSS history · patch commit or PR link · researcher credit · public bounty program.

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • A user must open a link or visit a page.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
Required
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-119 · Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

References

Show all references (19 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records