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Noroxi
NVD / CVE Program· CNA apple

CVE-2025-31206: A type confusion issue was addressed with improved state handling.

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 17/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 1% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 63.1% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: webkit2gtk (Debian:11) 2.48.3-1~deb11u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:12) 2.48.3-1~deb12u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:13) 2.48.2-1.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to webkit2gtk (Debian:11) 2.48.3-1~deb11u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:12) 2.48.3-1~deb12u1; webkit2gtk (Debian:13) 2.48.2-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

A type confusion issue was addressed with improved state handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.5, iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, iPadOS 17.7.7, macOS Sequoia 15.5, tvOS 18.5, visionOS 2.5, watchOS 11.5. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected Safari crash.

MediumCVSS 4.3 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
May 12, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
1.0% · 63th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

17

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
17 / 40 · 4.3 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 1.0%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-31206

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
applesafari
appleipados
appleiphone os
applemacos
appletvos
applevisionos
applewatchos

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • apple ipadosbefore 17.7.7
  • apple ipados18.0 and later · before 18.5
  • apple iphone osbefore 18.5
  • apple macosbefore 15.5
  • apple safaribefore 18.5
  • apple tvosbefore 18.5
  • apple visionosbefore 2.5
  • apple watchosbefore 11.5

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apple). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Apple iOS and iPadOS

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple iPadOS

    • before 17.7.7affected

  • Apple macOS

    • before 15.5affected

  • Apple Safari

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple tvOS

    • before 18.5affected

  • Apple visionOS

    • before 2.5affected

  • Apple watchOS

    • before 11.5affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:11webkit2gtkbefore 2.48.3-1~deb11u12.48.3-1~deb11u1
Debian:12webkit2gtkbefore 2.48.3-1~deb12u12.48.3-1~deb12u1
Debian:12wpewebkitfrom 0—
Debian:13webkit2gtkbefore 2.48.2-12.48.2-1
Debian:13wpewebkitbefore 2.48.2-12.48.2-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk3before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk3-soup2before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2
openSUSE:Leap 15.6webkit2gtk4before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3before 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-debuginfobefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-debugsourcebefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-develbefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-devel-debuginfobefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jscbefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-debuginfobefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-develbefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamwebkit2gtk3-jsc-devel-debuginfobefore 0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.50:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3-LTSSwebkit2gtk3before 2.48.2-150200.147.12.48.2-150200.147.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSwebkit2gtk3before 2.48.2-150400.4.119.12.48.2-150400.4.119.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSwebkit2gtk3-soup2before 2.48.2-150400.4.119.12.48.2-150400.4.119.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSwebkit2gtk4before 2.48.2-150400.4.119.12.48.2-150400.4.119.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6webkit2gtk3-soup2before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6webkit2gtk4before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Desktop Applications 15 SP6webkit2gtk3before 2.48.2-150600.12.40.22.48.2-150600.12.40.2

+1

Same product

apple: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-43529A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-28205A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management.KEV
    73This week
  • CVE-2023-32439A type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
    72This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-31204May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-31205May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved checks.
    26Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-31215May 12, 2025 · The issue was addressed with improved checks.
    26Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
debian:webkit2gtk2.48.3-1~deb12u1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:wpewebkit2.48.2-1 · Debian:13Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk32.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:webkit2gtk42.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk30:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debuginfo0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-debugsource0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-devel-debuginfo0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-debuginfo0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:webkit2gtk3-jsc-devel-debuginfo0:2.38.5-1.el8_8.5 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk32.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Desktop Applications 15 SP6Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk32.48.2-4.38.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.48.2-150400.4.119.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk3-soup22.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6Package registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk42.48.2-150400.4.119.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:webkit2gtk42.48.2-150600.12.40.2 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2024-23222476 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.KEV
    68This week
  • CVE-2024-54505151 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2026-43705413 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved checks.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2026-86922526 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved state management.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2026-112659532 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2026-113949532 days apartA type confusion issue was addressed with improved state management.
    35Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • A user must open a link or visit a page.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
low · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
Required
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
Low

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-843 · Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion')

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (13 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records