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NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2025-23141: KVM: x86: Acquire SRCU in KVM_GET_MP_STATE to protect guest memory accesses

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 22/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.21% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 0357c8406dfa09430dd9858ebe813feb65524b6e, 56d997b257075951a46663970cd350cd5e34c041, 592e040572f216d916f465047c8ce4a308fcca44; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1.
  • Severity is disputed: the assigning authority (CNA) scores it 7.8, NVD 5.5.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 0357c8406dfa09430dd9858ebe813feb65524b6e, 56d997b257075951a46663970cd350cd5e34c041, 592e040572f216d916f465047c8ce4a308fcca44; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: KVM: x86: Acquire SRCU in KVM_GET_MP_STATE to protect guest memory accesses Acquire a lock on kvm->srcu when userspace is getting MP state to handle a rather extreme edge case where "accepting" APIC events, i.e. processing pending INIT or SIPI, can trigger accesses to guest memory. If the vCPU is in L2 with INIT *and* a TRIPLE_FAULT request pending, then getting MP state will trigger a nested VM-Exit by way of ->check_nested_events(), and emuating the nested VM-Exit can access guest memory. The splat was originally hit by syzkaller on a Google-internal kernel, and reproduced on an upstream kernel by hacking the triple_fault_event_test selftest to stuff a pending INIT, store an MSR on VM-Exit (to generate a memory access on VMX), and do vcpu_mp_state_get() to trigger the scenario. ============================= WARNING: suspicious RCU usage 6.14.0-rc3-b112d356288b-vmx/pi_lockdep_false_pos-lock #3 Not tainted ----------------------------- include/linux/kvm_host.h:1058 suspicious rcu_dereference_check() usage! other info that might help us debug this: rcu_scheduler_active = 2, debug_locks = 1 1 lock held by triple_fault_ev/1256: #0: ffff88810df5a330 (&vcpu->mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}, at: kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x8b/0x9a0 [kvm] stack backtrace: CPU: 11 UID: 1000 PID: 1256 Comm: triple_fault_ev Not tainted 6.14.0-rc3-b112d356288b-vmx #3 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 0.0.0 02/06/2015 Call Trace: <TASK> dump_stack_lvl+0x7f/0x90 lockdep_rcu_suspicious+0x144/0x190 kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_memslot+0x156/0x180 [kvm] kvm_vcpu_read_guest+0x3e/0x90 [kvm] read_and_check_msr_entry+0x2e/0x180 [kvm_intel] __nested_vmx_vmexit+0x550/0xde0 [kvm_intel] kvm_check_nested_events+0x1b/0x30 [kvm] kvm_apic_accept_events+0x33/0x100 [kvm] kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_get_mpstate+0x30/0x1d0 [kvm] kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x33e/0x9a0 [kvm] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x8b/0xb0 do_syscall_64+0x6c/0x170 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53 </TASK>

MediumCVSS 5.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
May 1, 2025
Updated
Oct 15, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 11th percentile
CWE
—

Report tools

JSON

Action score

22

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
22 / 40 · 5.5 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
5.5
CNA · Linux
7.8
2.3 point gap

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

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  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel
debiandebian linux

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • debian debian linux11.0
  • linux linux kernel6.2 and later · before 6.6.88
  • linux linux kernel6.7 and later · before 6.12.24
  • linux linux kernelbefore 6.1.135
  • linux linux kernel6.14 and later · before 6.14.3
  • linux linux kernel6.13 and later · before 6.13.12
  • linux linux kernel6.15

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 5.11affected
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before 56d997b257075951a46663970cd350cd5e34c041affected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before 0357c8406dfa09430dd9858ebe813feb65524b6eaffected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before 8a3df0aa1087a89f5ce55f4aba816bfcb1ecf1beaffected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before 7bc5c360375d28ba5ef6298b0d53e735c81d66a1affected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before f5cbe725b7477b4cd677be1b86b4e08f90572997affected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before 592e040572f216d916f465047c8ce4a308fcca44affected · git
    • 1c96dcceaeb3a99aaf0d548eef2223e0b02a7e40 and later · before ef01cac401f18647d62720cf773d7bb0541827daaffected · git
    • before 5.11not affected · semver
    • 5.15.209 and later · up to and including 5.15.*not affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:12linuxbefore 6.1.135-16.1.135-1
Debian:13linuxbefore 6.12.25-16.12.25-1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0dtb-aarch64before 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-64kbbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-defaultbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-default-basebefore 6.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.46.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.4
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-docsbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-kvmsmallbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-obs-buildbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-obs-qabefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-rtbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-sourcebefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-symsbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0kernel-zfcpdumpbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0kernel-docsbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0kernel-kvmsmallbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0kernel-obs-qabefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0kernel-symsbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0kernel-zfcpdumpbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2kernel-64kbbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2kernel-defaultbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2kernel-default-basebefore 6.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.46.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.4
SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2kernel-rtbefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1
SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2kernel-sourcebefore 6.12.0-160000.6.16.12.0-160000.6.1

+1

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

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    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2022-49930May 1, 2025 · RDMA/hns: Fix NULL pointer problem in free_mr_init()
    22Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2022-49931May 1, 2025 · IB/hfi1: Correctly move list in sc_disable()
    22Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-23142May 1, 2025 · sctp: detect and prevent references to a freed transport in sendmsg
    31Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux0357c8406dfa09430dd9858ebe813feb65524b6eVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux56d997b257075951a46663970cd350cd5e34c041Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux592e040572f216d916f465047c8ce4a308fcca44Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux7bc5c360375d28ba5ef6298b0d53e735c81d66a1Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux8a3df0aa1087a89f5ce55f4aba816bfcb1ecf1beVendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxef01cac401f18647d62720cf773d7bb0541827daVendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxf5cbe725b7477b4cd677be1b86b4e08f90572997Vendor (CNA)
azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.92.2-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.92.2-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 kernel 5.15.202.1-1 on CBL-Mariner 2.0Release NotesMicrosoft (MSRC)
debian:linux6.1.135-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:dtb-aarch646.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-64kb6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-default6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-default-base6.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.4 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-docs6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-kvmsmall6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-obs-build6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-obs-qa6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-rt6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-source6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-syms6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-zfcpdump6.12.0-160000.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 16.0Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-64kb6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-default6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-default-base6.12.0-160000.6.1.160000.2.4 · SUSE:Linux Micro 6.2Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-docs6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-kvmsmall6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-obs-build6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Micro Extras 6.2Package registry (OSV)
suse:kernel-obs-qa6.12.0-160000.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0Package registry (OSV)

+4

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

—

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. SSVC exploitation— → none
  2. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (7 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records