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NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2025-23135: RISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit

MediumCVSS 5.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 22/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.25% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231, 1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939, 2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545; azl3 kernel 6.6.157.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 Release Notes.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231, 1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939, 2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545; azl3 kernel 6.6.157.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 Release Notes or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: RISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit During a module removal, kvm_exit invokes arch specific disable call which disables AIA. However, we invoke aia_exit before kvm_exit resulting in the following warning. KVM kernel module can't be inserted afterwards due to inconsistent state of IRQ. [25469.031389] percpu IRQ 31 still enabled on CPU0! [25469.031732] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 943 at kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031804] Modules linked in: kvm(-) [25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod Not tainted 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2 [25469.031905] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT) [25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031976] ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50 [25469.032241] gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8 [25469.032285] t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90 [25469.032329] s1 : ff60000098b21080 a0 : 037d527a15eb4f00 a1 : 037d527a15eb4f00 [25469.032372] a2 : 0000000000000023 a3 : 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8 [25469.032410] a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10 [25469.032448] s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3 : 0000000200000022 s4 : 000000000000001f [25469.032488] s5 : ff60000080c22e00 s6 : ffffffff80c351c0 s7 : 0000000000000000 [25469.032582] s8 : 0000000000000003 s9 : 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0 [25469.032621] s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3 : ffffffff81354ac7 t4 : ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032664] t5 : ffffffff81354ac8 t6 : ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032698] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff8007db1e cause: 0000000000000003 [25469.032738] [<ffffffff8007db1e>] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032797] [<ffffffff8007dbfc>] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e [25469.032856] [<ffffffff013a57dc>] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm] [25469.033947] [<ffffffff013b4e82>] cleanup_module+0x10/0x32 [kvm] [25469.035300] [<ffffffff8009b150>] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc [25469.035374] [<ffffffff8000c1ca>] syscall_handler+0x3a/0x46 [25469.035456] [<ffffffff809ec9a4>] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134 [25469.035536] [<ffffffff809f5e18>] handle_exception+0x148/0x156 Invoke aia_exit and other arch specific cleanup functions after kvm_exit so that disable gets a chance to be called first before exit.

Published
Apr 16, 2025
Updated
Oct 21, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 16th percentile
CWE
—

Report tools

JSON

Action score

22

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
22 / 40 · 5.5 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 6.4affected
    • 54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c and later · before ce906c4ae572554f4ea4381d7d0a4ab39f5fca5daffected · git
    • 54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c and later · before b7236c52151c91f7b83a42d6ec5728a49e06416faffected · git
    • 54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c and later · before 1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939affected · git
    • 54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c and later · before 1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231affected · git
    • 54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c and later · before 2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545affected · git
    • before 6.4not affected · semver
    • 6.6.160 and later · up to and including 6.6.*not affected · semver
    • 6.12.114 and later · up to and including 6.12.*not affected · semver
    • 6.13.11 and later · up to and including 6.13.*not affected · semver

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel6.4 and later · before 6.13.11
  • linux linux kernel6.14 and later · before 6.14.2

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:13linuxbefore 6.12.115-26.12.115-2
Debian:14linuxbefore 6.16.3-16.16.3-1

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV
    90Now
  • CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe…KEV
    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-23132Apr 16, 2025 · f2fs: quota: fix to avoid warning in dquot_writeback_dquots()
    22Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-23133Apr 16, 2025 · wifi: ath11k: update channel list in reg notifier instead reg worker
    31Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-23136Apr 16, 2025 · thermal: int340x: Add NULL check for adev
    22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxb7236c52151c91f7b83a42d6ec5728a49e06416fVendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxce906c4ae572554f4ea4381d7d0a4ab39f5fca5dVendor (CNA)
azl3 kernel 6.6.150.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0—Microsoft (MSRC)
azl3 kernel 6.6.152.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0—Microsoft (MSRC)
azl3 kernel 6.6.157.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0Release NotesMicrosoft (MSRC)
debian:linux6.12.115-2 · Debian:13Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux6.16.3-1 · Debian:14Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

Not on record for this CVE: EPSS history · patch commit or PR link · researcher credit · variant or chain candidate · public bounty program.

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

—

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

References

Show all references (4 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records