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NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2025-22045: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 22/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.23% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe, 0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1, 320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1.
  • Severity is disputed: the assigning authority (CNA) scores it 7.8, NVD 5.5.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe, 0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1, 320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs On the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal PMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE entries in the pointed-to page table: collapse_pte_mapped_thp pmdp_collapse_flush flush_tlb_range The arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can be used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level invalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the same way. Currently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes, which I think means the issue doesn't have much impact: - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be IPI'd to avoid issues with speculative page table walks. - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff. The patch "x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB" which is currently under review (see <https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241230175550.4046587-13-riel@surriel.com/>) would probably be making the impact of this a lot worse.

MediumCVSS 5.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Apr 16, 2025
Updated
Oct 15, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 15th percentile
CWE
—

Report tools

JSON

Action score

22

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
22 / 40 · 5.5 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
5.5
CNA · Linux
7.8
2.3 point gap

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

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  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel4.20 and later · before 5.4.292
  • linux linux kernel5.5 and later · before 5.10.236
  • linux linux kernel5.11 and later · before 5.15.180
  • linux linux kernel5.16 and later · before 6.1.134
  • linux linux kernel6.2 and later · before 6.6.87
  • linux linux kernel6.7 and later · before 6.12.23
  • linux linux kernel6.13 and later · before 6.13.11
  • linux linux kernel6.14 and later · before 6.14.2

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 4.20affected
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3affected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491affected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1affected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44feaffected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2affected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50affected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edfaffected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321beaffected · git
    • 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 and later · before 3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64affected · git

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8bpftoolbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernelbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-abi-stablelistsbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-corebefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-cross-headersbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debugbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-corebefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-develbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-develbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-docbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-headersbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-toolsbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-tools-libsbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-tools-libs-develbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdumpbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-corebefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-develbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-modulesbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8perfbefore 4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_104.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10

+60

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV
    90Now
  • CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV
    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-22037Apr 16, 2025 · ksmbd: fix null pointer dereference in alloc_preauth_hash()
    51Plan
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-22044Apr 16, 2025 · acpi: nfit: fix narrowing conversion in acpi_nfit_ctl
    22Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-22048Apr 16, 2025 · LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value
    22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44feVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edfVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321beVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50Vendor (CNA)
azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.92.2-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 kernel 6.6.92.2-1 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.92.2-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
almalinux:bpftool4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-abi-stablelists4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-core4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-cross-headers4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-core4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-devel4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-modules4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-modules-extra4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-devel4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-doc4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux6.1.135-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
red hat:bpftool0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:bpftool-debuginfo0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-abi-stablelists0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-core0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug0:4.18.0-553.81.1.el8_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:8::baseosPackage registry (OSV)

+18

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

—

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. SSVC exploitation— → none
  2. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (10 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records