CVE-2025-22035: tracing: Fix use-after-free in print_graph_function_flags during tracer switching
Noroxi assessment
Priority: Monitor (action score 31/100)
- The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
- Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.30% (FIRST EPSS).
- Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
- Fixed version: Linux Linux 099ef3385800828b74933a96c117574637c3fb3a, 4.15, 4.20; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; cbl2 kernel 5.15.176.3-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0 5.15.180.1-1.
Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 099ef3385800828b74933a96c117574637c3fb3a, 4.15, 4.20; azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.92.2-1; cbl2 kernel 5.15.176.3-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0 5.15.180.1-1 or later.
Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it
Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tracing: Fix use-after-free in print_graph_function_flags during tracer switching Kairui reported a UAF issue in print_graph_function_flags() during ftrace stress testing [1]. This issue can be reproduced if puting a 'mdelay(10)' after 'mutex_unlock(&trace_types_lock)' in s_start(), and executing the following script: $ echo function_graph > current_tracer $ cat trace > /dev/null & $ sleep 5 # Ensure the 'cat' reaches the 'mdelay(10)' point $ echo timerlat > current_tracer The root cause lies in the two calls to print_graph_function_flags within print_trace_line during each s_show(): * One through 'iter->trace->print_line()'; * Another through 'event->funcs->trace()', which is hidden in print_trace_fmt() before print_trace_line returns. Tracer switching only updates the former, while the latter continues to use the print_line function of the old tracer, which in the script above is print_graph_function_flags. Moreover, when switching from the 'function_graph' tracer to the 'timerlat' tracer, s_start only calls graph_trace_close of the 'function_graph' tracer to free 'iter->private', but does not set it to NULL. This provides an opportunity for 'event->funcs->trace()' to use an invalid 'iter->private'. To fix this issue, set 'iter->private' to NULL immediately after freeing it in graph_trace_close(), ensuring that an invalid pointer is not passed to other tracers. Additionally, clean up the unnecessary 'iter->private = NULL' during each 'cat trace' when using wakeup and irqsoff tracers. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231112150030.84609-1-ryncsn@gmail.com/
- Published
- Apr 16, 2025
- Updated
- Aug 5, 2026
- EPSS
- 0.3% · 22th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-416
Report tools
Action score
31
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 31 / 40 · 7.8 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 0 / 30 · 0.3%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- none
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- total
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
CNA vs NVD score
- NVD
- —
- CNA · Linux
- 7.8
- NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.
The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.
Get told when this record changes
- Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
- No public exploit code on record
- A fix has been released
If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.
Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens
Noroxi analysis
What does it mean in your environment?
The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.
We use this product, ask for helpAffected systems
Is your version affected?
Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| linux | linux kernel | cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- linux linux kernel4.14.324 and later · before 4.15
- linux linux kernel4.19.293 and later · before 4.20
- linux linux kernel5.4.255 and later · before 5.4.292
- linux linux kernel5.10.193 and later · before 5.10.236
- linux linux kernel5.15.129 and later · before 5.15.180
- linux linux kernel6.1.50 and later · before 6.1.134
- linux linux kernel6.4.13 and later · before 6.6.87
- linux linux kernel6.7 and later · before 6.12.23
- linux linux kernel6.13 and later · before 6.13.11
- linux linux kernel6.14 and later · before 6.14.2
Versions reported by the vendor
Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.
Linux Linux
- d6b35c9a8d51032ed9890431da3ae39fe76c1ae3, 5d433eda76b66ab271f5924b26ddfec063eeb454, 2242640e9bd94e706acf75c60a2ab1d0e150e0fb, 6.5affected
- 05319d707732c728eb721ac616a50e7978eb499a and later · before 42561fe62c3628ea3bc9623f64f047605e98857faffected · git
- b8205dfed68183dc1470e83863c5ded6d7fa30a9 and later · before de7b309139f862a44379ecd96e93c9133c69f813affected · git
- ce6e2b14bc094866d9173db6935da2d752f06d8b and later · before 81a85b12132c8ffe98f5ddbdc185481790aeaa1baffected · git
- 2cb0c037c927db4ec928cc927488e52aa359786e and later · before a2cce54c1748216535dda02e185d07a084be837eaffected · git
- eecb91b9f98d6427d4af5fdb8f108f52572a39e7 and later · before 099ef3385800828b74933a96c117574637c3fb3aaffected · git
- eecb91b9f98d6427d4af5fdb8f108f52572a39e7 and later · before c85efe6e13743cac6ba4ccf144cb91f44c86231aaffected · git
- eecb91b9f98d6427d4af5fdb8f108f52572a39e7 and later · before f14752d66056d0c7bffe5092130409417d3baa70affected · git
- eecb91b9f98d6427d4af5fdb8f108f52572a39e7 and later · before 70be951bc01e4a0e10d443f3510bb17426f257fbaffected · git
- eecb91b9f98d6427d4af5fdb8f108f52572a39e7 and later · before 7f81f27b1093e4895e87b74143c59c055c3b1906affected · git
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:12 | linux | before 6.1.135-1 | 6.1.135-1 |
| Debian:13 | linux | before 6.12.25-1 | 6.12.25-1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | dtb-aarch64 | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-64kb | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-azure | before 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 | 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-debug | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-default | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-default-base | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5.150600.12.26.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5.150600.12.26.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-docs | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-kvmsmall | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-obs-build | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-obs-qa | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.2 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.2 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-rt | before 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-rt_debug | before 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-source | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-source-azure | before 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 | 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-source-rt | before 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-syms | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-syms-azure | before 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 | 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-syms-rt | before 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | kernel-zfcpdump | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP6 | kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP6_Update_13 | before 1-150600.13.6.4 | 1-150600.13.6.4 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP6 | kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP6-RT_Update_13 | before 1-150600.1.5.1 | 1-150600.1.5.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6 | kernel-64kb | before 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 |
+20
Same product
linux: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV90Now
- CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV89Now
- CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV85Now
Published before and after this one in the same product
- ← EarlierCVE-2025-22033Apr 16, 2025 · arm64: Don't call NULL in do_compat_alignment_fixup()22Monitor
- ← EarlierCVE-2025-22034Apr 16, 2025 · mm/gup: reject FOLL_SPLIT_PMD with hugetlb VMAs22Monitor
- Later →CVE-2025-22036Apr 16, 2025 · exfat: fix random stack corruption after get_block28Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Linux Linux | 099ef3385800828b74933a96c117574637c3fb3a | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 4.15 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 4.20 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 42561fe62c3628ea3bc9623f64f047605e98857f | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 5.10.236 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 5.15.180 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 5.4.292 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 6.1.134 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 6.5 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 70be951bc01e4a0e10d443f3510bb17426f257fb | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 7f81f27b1093e4895e87b74143c59c055c3b1906 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | 81a85b12132c8ffe98f5ddbdc185481790aeaa1b | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | a2cce54c1748216535dda02e185d07a084be837e | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | c85efe6e13743cac6ba4ccf144cb91f44c86231a | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | de7b309139f862a44379ecd96e93c9133c69f813 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Linux Linux | f14752d66056d0c7bffe5092130409417d3baa70 | Vendor (CNA) |
| azl3 kernel 6.6.85.1-4 on Azure Linux 3.0 | 6.6.92.2-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 kernel 5.15.176.3-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0 | 5.15.180.1-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 kernel 5.15.176.3-3 on CBL-Mariner 2.0 | 5.15.180.1-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 kernel 5.15.180.1-1 on CBL Mariner 2.0 | 5.15.180.1-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| debian:linux | 6.1.135-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:dtb-aarch64 | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.3 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-64kb | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-azure | 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-debug | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.4 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-default | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-default-base | 6.4.0-150600.23.60.5.150600.12.26.4 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-rt | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-rt_debug | 6.4.0-150600.10.44.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:kernel-source-azure | 6.4.0-150600.8.43.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
+15
Exploit status
No known public exploit
No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
No dated events beyond publication.
No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
- A low-privileged account is enough.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- high · data can be read
- Integrity
- high · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- high · the service can be disrupted
- Attack vector
- Local
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- Low
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Unchanged
- Confidentiality impact
- High
- Integrity impact
- High
- Availability impact
- High
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-416 · Use After FreeCVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
nvd-secondary
Root cause
After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.
The bug in code
The whole CWE-416 classA representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.
Vulnerable
free(dev->buf);
/* ... another thread is still running ... */
process(dev->buf);Fixed
lock(&dev->lock);
free(dev->buf);
dev->buf = NULL;
unlock(&dev->lock);Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.
Change log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
Show all references (10 more)Show less
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/42561fe62c3628ea3bc9623f64f047605e98857f
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/70be951bc01e4a0e10d443f3510bb17426f257fb
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/7f81f27b1093e4895e87b74143c59c055c3b1906
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/81a85b12132c8ffe98f5ddbdc185481790aeaa1b
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/a2cce54c1748216535dda02e185d07a084be837e
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/c85efe6e13743cac6ba4ccf144cb91f44c86231a
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/de7b309139f862a44379ecd96e93c9133c69f813
- git.kernel.org/stable/c/f14752d66056d0c7bffe5092130409417d3baa70
- lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html
- lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.