NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2023-53537: f2fs: fix to avoid use-after-free for cached IPU bio

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 31/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.16% (FIRST EPSS).
Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
Fixed version: Linux Linux 5cdb422c839134273866208dad5360835ddb9794, 7d058f0ab161437369ad6e45a4b67c2886e71373, 97ec6f1788cc6bee3f8c89cb908e1a2a1cd859bb.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 5cdb422c839134273866208dad5360835ddb9794, 7d058f0ab161437369ad6e45a4b67c2886e71373, 97ec6f1788cc6bee3f8c89cb908e1a2a1cd859bb or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix to avoid use-after-free for cached IPU bio xfstest generic/019 reports a bug: kernel BUG at mm/filemap.c:1619! RIP: 0010:folio_end_writeback+0x8a/0x90 Call Trace: end_page_writeback+0x1c/0x60 f2fs_write_end_io+0x199/0x420 bio_endio+0x104/0x180 submit_bio_noacct+0xa5/0x510 submit_bio+0x48/0x80 f2fs_submit_write_bio+0x35/0x300 f2fs_submit_merged_ipu_write+0x2a0/0x2b0 f2fs_write_single_data_page+0x838/0x8b0 f2fs_write_cache_pages+0x379/0xa30 f2fs_write_data_pages+0x30c/0x340 do_writepages+0xd8/0x1b0 __writeback_single_inode+0x44/0x370 writeback_sb_inodes+0x233/0x4d0 __writeback_inodes_wb+0x56/0xf0 wb_writeback+0x1dd/0x2d0 wb_workfn+0x367/0x4a0 process_one_work+0x21d/0x430 worker_thread+0x4e/0x3c0 kthread+0x103/0x130 ret_from_fork+0x2c/0x50 The root cause is: after cp_error is set, f2fs_submit_merged_ipu_write() in f2fs_write_single_data_page() tries to flush IPU bio in cache, however f2fs_submit_merged_ipu_write() missed to check validity of @bio parameter, result in submitting random cached bio which belong to other IO context, then it will cause use-after-free issue, fix it by adding additional validity check.

HighCVSS 7.8 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available

Memory safety

BDU:2026-15232

Published: Oct 4, 2025
Updated: Aug 5, 2026
EPSS: 0.1% · 5th percentile
CWE: CWE-416

Report tools

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Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 31 / 40 · 7.8 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.1%

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: 7.8
CNA · Linux: 7.8; agree

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
A fix has been released

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
linux	linux kernel	cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

linux linux kernel5.5 and later · before 5.10.180
linux linux kernel5.11 and later · before 5.15.111
linux linux kernel5.16 and later · before 6.1.28
linux linux kernel6.2 and later · before 6.2.15
linux linux kernel6.3 and later · before 6.3.2

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Linux Linux
- 5.5affected
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before b2f423fda64fb49213aa0ed5056079cf295a5df2affected · git
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before 9a7f63283af6befc0f91d549f4f6917dff7479a9affected · git
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before 7d058f0ab161437369ad6e45a4b67c2886e71373affected · git
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before 97ec6f1788cc6bee3f8c89cb908e1a2a1cd859bbaffected · git
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before af4ce124d7bd74cb839bbdaccffbb416771a56b5affected · git
- 0b20fcec8651569935a10afe03fedc0b812d044e and later · before 5cdb422c839134273866208dad5360835ddb9794affected · git
- before 5.5not affected · semver
- 5.10.180 and later · up to and including 5.10.*not affected · semver
- 5.15.111 and later · up to and including 5.15.*not affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Debian:12	linux	before 6.1.37-1	6.1.37-1
Debian:13	linux	before 6.3.7-1	6.3.7-1

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV
90Now
CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV
89Now
CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2023-53534Oct 4, 2025 · drm/mediatek: mtk_drm_crtc: Add checks for devm_kcalloc
22Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2023-53536Oct 4, 2025 · blk-crypto: make blk_crypto_evict_key() more robust
31Monitor
Later →CVE-2023-53539Oct 4, 2025 · RDMA/rxe: Fix incomplete state save in rxe_requester
22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
Linux Linux	5cdb422c839134273866208dad5360835ddb9794	Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux	7d058f0ab161437369ad6e45a4b67c2886e71373	Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux	97ec6f1788cc6bee3f8c89cb908e1a2a1cd859bb	Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux	9a7f63283af6befc0f91d549f4f6917dff7479a9	Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux	af4ce124d7bd74cb839bbdaccffbb416771a56b5	Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux	b2f423fda64fb49213aa0ed5056079cf295a5df2	Vendor (CNA)
debian:linux	6.1.37-1 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
A low-privileged account is enough.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: high · data can be read
Integrity: high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Attack vector: Local
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: Low
User interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality impact: High
Integrity impact: High
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-primary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-416 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1free(dev->buf);
2/* ... another thread is still running ... */
3process(dev->buf);

Fixed

1lock(&dev->lock);
2free(dev->buf);
3dev->buf = NULL;
4unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:08 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

git.kernel.org/stable/c/5cdb422c839134273866208dad5360835ddb9794

Show all references (5 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records