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CVE-2023-5178· NVD / CVE Program· CNA redhat

Kernel: use after free in nvmet_tcp_free_crypto in nvme

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 38/100)

  • Public proof-of-concept code exists (GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 9.6% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 95.4% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: bpftool (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9; kernel (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9; kernel-abi-stablelists (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9.
  • Mentioned 1 time in Turkish national cyber security advisories (siberguvenlik.gov.tr).

Low priority for now. Upgrade to bpftool (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9; kernel (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9; kernel-abi-stablelists (AlmaLinux:8) 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

A use-after-free vulnerability was found in drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c` in `nvmet_tcp_free_crypto` due to a logical bug in the NVMe/TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel. This issue may allow a malicious user to cause a use-after-free and double-free problem, which may permit remote code execution or lead to local privilege escalation.

HighCVSS 8.8 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available
Published
Nov 1, 2023
Updated
Oct 14, 2026
EPSS
9.6% · 95th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

38

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
35 / 40 · 8.8 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
3 / 30 · 9.6%

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
8.8
CNA · redhat
8.8
agree

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2023-5178

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel
redhatenterprise linux
netappactive iq unified manager
netappsolidfire & hci management node
netappsolidfire & hci storage node

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel5.16 and later · before 6.1.60
  • linux linux kernel5.5 and later · before 5.10.199
  • linux linux kernel5.11 and later · before 5.15.137
  • linux linux kernel6.2 and later · before 6.5.9
  • linux linux kernel5.0 and later · before 5.4.260
  • netapp active iq unified managerall versions
  • netapp solidfire & hci management nodeall versions
  • netapp solidfire & hci storage nodeall versions
  • redhat enterprise linux8.0
  • redhat enterprise linux9.0

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (redhat). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6

    • all versionsunknown
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

    • all versionsunknown
    • all versionsunknown
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

    • 0:4.18.0-513.9.1.rt7.311.el8_9 and laternot affected · rpm
    • 0:4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 and laternot affected · rpm
    • all versionsunknown
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support

    • 0:4.18.0-193.128.1.el8_2 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Telecommunications Update Service

    • 0:4.18.0-193.128.1.rt13.179.el8_2 and laternot affected · rpm
    • 0:4.18.0-193.128.1.el8_2 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions

    • 0:4.18.0-193.128.1.el8_2 and laternot affected · rpm
    • all versionsunknown
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support

    • 0:4.18.0-305.114.1.el8_4 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Telecommunications Update Service

    • 0:4.18.0-305.114.1.rt7.190.el8_4 and laternot affected · rpm
    • 0:4.18.0-305.114.1.el8_4 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Update Services for SAP Solutions

    • 0:4.18.0-305.114.1.el8_4 and laternot affected · rpm
    • all versionsunknown
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update Support

    • all versionsunknown
    • 0:4.18.0-372.87.1.el8_6 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Extended Update Support

    • all versionsunknown
    • 0:4.18.0-477.43.1.el8_8 and laternot affected · rpm
  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

    • 0:5.14.0-362.18.1.el9_3 and laternot affected · rpm
    • all versionsunknown
    • 0:5.14.0-362.18.1.el9_3 and laternot affected · rpm
    • all versionsaffected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8bpftoolbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernelbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-abi-stablelistsbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-corebefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-cross-headersbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debugbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-corebefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-develbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modulesbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-debug-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-develbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-docbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modulesbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-toolsbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-tools-libsbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-tools-libs-develbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdumpbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-corebefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-develbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-modulesbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extrabefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8perfbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9
AlmaLinux:8python3-perfbefore 4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_94.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9

+96

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV
    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now
  • CVE-2016-5195Race condition in mm/gup.c in the Linux kernel 2.x through 4.x before 4.8.3 allows local users to gain privileges by leveraging incorrect haKEV
    83Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2023-1193Nov 1, 2023 · Use-after-free in setup_async_work()
    26Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2023-3397Nov 1, 2023 · Kernel: slab-use-after-free write in txend due to race condition
    25Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2023-1194Nov 3, 2023 · Use-after-free in parse_lease_state()
    32Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
almalinux:bpftool4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-abi-stablelists4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-core4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-cross-headers4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-core4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-devel4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-modules4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-debug-modules-extra4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-devel4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-doc4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux6.1.64-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux-5.105.10.205-2~deb10u1 · Debian:10Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-rt5.14.21-150500.13.24.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.5Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-rt_debug5.14.21-150500.13.24.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.5Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-source-rt5.14.21-150500.13.24.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.5Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:kernel-syms-rt5.14.21-150500.13.24.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.5Package registry (OSV)
red hat:bpftool-debuginfo0:7.0.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debuginfo0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel-matched0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debuginfo0:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch640:5.14.0-284.40.1.el9_2 · Red Hat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)

+10

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

  • Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×1

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:72024-02-05

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. Published
  2. First PoC+95 d
  3. TodayOct 20, 2026+1084 d
EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

National notice (Türkiye Cybersecurity Directorate / USOM)

Official security notices citing this record; remediation advice is on the agency's page.

All national notices →

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-primary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

c
free(dev->buf);/* ... another thread is still running ... */process(dev->buf);

Fixed

c
lock(&dev->lock);free(dev->buf);dev->buf = NULL;unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

All records