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NVD / CVE Program· CNA apache

CVE-2023-45648: Apache Tomcat: Trailer header parsing too lenient

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 23/100)

  • A ready-made attack module is public (Nuclei); exploiting it takes no special expertise.
  • Public proof-of-concept code exists (Exploit-DB / GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 5.8% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 93.2% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
  • Fixed version: Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat 11.0.0-M12.
  • Mentioned 1 time in Turkish national cyber security advisories (siberguvenlik.gov.tr).

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat 11.0.0-M12 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.Tomcat from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.0-M11, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.13, from 9.0.0-M1 through 9.0.81 and from 8.5.0 through 8.5.93 did not correctly parse HTTP trailer headers. A specially crafted, invalid trailer header could cause Tomcat to treat a single request as multiple requests leading to the possibility of request smuggling when behind a reverse proxy. Older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.0-M12 onwards, 10.1.14 onwards, 9.0.81 onwards or 8.5.94 onwards, which fix the issue.

MediumCVSS 5.3 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available
Published
Oct 10, 2023
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
5.8% · 93th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

23

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
2 / 30 · 5.8%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

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When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
apachetomcat
debiandebian linux

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • apache tomcat8.5.0 and later · before 8.5.94
  • apache tomcat9.0.1 and later · before 9.0.81
  • apache tomcat10.1.1 and later · before 10.1.14
  • apache tomcat10.1.0
  • apache tomcat11.0.0
  • apache tomcat9.0.0
  • debian debian linux10.0
  • debian debian linux11.0
  • debian debian linux12.0

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (apache). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat

    • 11.0.0-M1 and later · up to and including 11.0.0-M11affected · semver
    • 10.1.0-M1 and later · up to and including 10.1.13affected · semver
    • 9.0.0-M1 and later · up to and including 9.0.81affected · semver
    • 8.5.0 and later · up to and including 8.5.93affected · semver
    • 3 and later · before 8.5.0unknown · semver
    • 10.0.0-M1 and later · up to and including 10.0.27unknown · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8tomcatbefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-admin-webappsbefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-docs-webappbefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-el-3.0-apibefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-jsp-2.3-apibefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-libbefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-servlet-4.0-apibefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:8tomcat-webappsbefore 1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.21:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2
AlmaLinux:9tomcatbefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-admin-webappsbefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-docs-webappbefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-el-3.0-apibefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-jsp-2.3-apibefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-libbefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-servlet-4.0-apibefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
AlmaLinux:9tomcat-webappsbefore 1:9.0.62-37.el9_3.11:9.0.62-37.el9_3.1
Debian:10tomcat9before 9.0.31-1~deb10u99.0.31-1~deb10u9
Debian:11tomcat9before 9.0.43-2~deb11u79.0.43-2~deb11u7
Debian:12tomcat10before 10.1.6-1+deb12u110.1.6-1+deb12u1
Debian:12tomcat9before 9.0.70-29.0.70-2
Debian:13tomcat10before 10.1.14-110.1.14-1
Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcatfrom 10.1.0-M1 · before 10.1.1410.1.14
Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcatfrom 11.0.0-M1 · before 11.0.0-M1211.0.0-M12
Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcatfrom 8.5.0 · before 8.5.948.5.94

+78

Same product

apache: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-24813Apache Tomcat: Potential RCE and/or information disclosure and/or information corruption with partial PUTKEV
    99Now
  • CVE-2016-8735Remote code execution is possible with Apache Tomcat before 6.0.48, 7.x before 7.0.73, 8.x before 8.0.39, 8.5.x before 8.5.7, and 9.x beforeKEV
    96Now
  • CVE-2017-12617When running Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.0, 8.5.0 to 8.5.22, 8.0.0.RC1 to 8.0.46 and 7.0.0 to 7.0.81 with HTTP PUTs enabled (e.g.KEV
    92Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2023-41080Aug 25, 2023 · Apache Tomcat: Open redirect with FORM authentication
    26Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2023-42795Oct 10, 2023 · Apache Tomcat: Failure during request clean-up leads to sensitive data leaking to subsequent requests
    22Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2023-42794Oct 10, 2023 · Apache Tomcat: FileUpload: DoS due to accumulation of temporary files on Windows
    24Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat11.0.0-M12 · descriptionVendor (CNA)
almalinux:tomcat1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-admin-webapps1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-docs-webapp1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-el-3.0-api1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-jsp-2.3-api1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-lib1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-servlet-4.0-api1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:tomcat-webapps1:9.0.62-27.el8_9.2 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
debian:tomcat1010.1.6-1+deb12u1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:tomcat99.0.70-2 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat10.1.14Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat11.0.0-M12Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat8.5.94Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat9.0.81Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote10.1.14Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote11.0.0-M12Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote8.5.94Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-coyote9.0.81Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core10.1.14Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core11.0.0-M12Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core8.5.94Package registry (OSV)
Maven:org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core9.0.81Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:tomcat9.0.85-150200.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.5Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat0:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps0:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-docs-webapp0:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api0:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-java-jdk110:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:jws5-tomcat-java-jdk80:9.0.62-18.redhat_00016.1.el7jws · Red Hat:jboss_enterprise_web_server:5.7::el7Package registry (OSV)

+8

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

  • Nuclei detection template ×1

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Nuclei detection templateNuclei template CVE-2023-45648 —

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

National notice (Türkiye Cybersecurity Directorate / USOM)

Official security notices citing this record; remediation advice is on the agency's page.

All national notices →

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
low · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
none
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
Low
Availability impact
None

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-20 · Improper Input Validation

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (5 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records