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NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

CVE-2022-49345: net: xfrm: unexport __init-annotated xfrm4_protocol_init()

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 22/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.29% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 2b253fbc9f7b5db18d716436bdcf8ecef09fd63d, 31f3c6a4dcd3260a386e62cef2d5b36e902600a1, 4a388f08d8784af48f352193d2b72aaf167a57a1.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 2b253fbc9f7b5db18d716436bdcf8ecef09fd63d, 31f3c6a4dcd3260a386e62cef2d5b36e902600a1, 4a388f08d8784af48f352193d2b72aaf167a57a1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: xfrm: unexport __init-annotated xfrm4_protocol_init() EXPORT_SYMBOL and __init is a bad combination because the .init.text section is freed up after the initialization. Hence, modules cannot use symbols annotated __init. The access to a freed symbol may end up with kernel panic. modpost used to detect it, but it has been broken for a decade. Recently, I fixed modpost so it started to warn it again, then this showed up in linux-next builds. There are two ways to fix it: - Remove __init - Remove EXPORT_SYMBOL I chose the latter for this case because the only in-tree call-site, net/ipv4/xfrm4_policy.c is never compiled as modular. (CONFIG_XFRM is boolean)

MediumCVSS 5.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Feb 26, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 21th percentile
CWE
—

Report tools

JSON

Action score

22

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
22 / 40 · 5.5 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

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When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel3.15 and later · before 4.9.318
  • linux linux kernel4.10 and later · before 4.14.283
  • linux linux kernel4.15 and later · before 4.19.247
  • linux linux kernel4.20 and later · before 5.4.198
  • linux linux kernel5.5 and later · before 5.10.122
  • linux linux kernel5.11 and later · before 5.15.47
  • linux linux kernel5.16 and later · before 5.17.15
  • linux linux kernel5.18 and later · before 5.18.4
  • linux linux kernel5.19

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 3.15affected
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before c58d82a1264813e69119c13e9804e2e60b664ad5affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before e53cd3814504b2cadaba4d5a8a07eeea9ddacd03affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before 31f3c6a4dcd3260a386e62cef2d5b36e902600a1affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before ef6d2354de238b065d8799c80da4be9a6af18e39affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before be3884d5cd04ccd58294b83a02d70b7c5fca19d3affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before 85a055c03691e51499123194a14a0c249cf33227affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before e04d59cfe0c0129df7aba7ef7bb17b96be2a64f2affected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before 2b253fbc9f7b5db18d716436bdcf8ecef09fd63daffected · git
    • 2f32b51b609faea1e40bb8c5bd305f1351740936 and later · before 4a388f08d8784af48f352193d2b72aaf167a57a1affected · git

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:12linuxbefore 5.18.5-15.18.5-1

Same product

linux: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-31431crypto: algif_aead - Revert to operating out-of-placeKEV
    90Now
  • CVE-2022-0847A flaw was found in the way the "flags" member of the new pipe buffer structure was lacking proper initialization in copy_page_to_iter_pipe KEV
    89Now
  • CVE-2021-22555Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACEKEV
    85Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2022-49343Feb 26, 2025 · ext4: avoid cycles in directory h-tree
    22Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2022-49344Feb 26, 2025 · af_unix: Fix a data-race in unix_dgram_peer_wake_me().
    18Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2022-49346Feb 26, 2025 · net: dsa: lantiq_gswip: Fix refcount leak in gswip_gphy_fw_list
    22Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux2b253fbc9f7b5db18d716436bdcf8ecef09fd63dVendor (CNA)
Linux Linux31f3c6a4dcd3260a386e62cef2d5b36e902600a1Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux4a388f08d8784af48f352193d2b72aaf167a57a1Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux85a055c03691e51499123194a14a0c249cf33227Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxbe3884d5cd04ccd58294b83a02d70b7c5fca19d3Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxc58d82a1264813e69119c13e9804e2e60b664ad5Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxe04d59cfe0c0129df7aba7ef7bb17b96be2a64f2Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxe53cd3814504b2cadaba4d5a8a07eeea9ddacd03Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxef6d2354de238b065d8799c80da4be9a6af18e39Vendor (CNA)
debian:linux5.18.5-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

—

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (8 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records