Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Rub
Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.
- Published
- Apr 7, 2016
- Updated
- Jun 16, 2026
- EPSS
- 81.4% · 100th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-20
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Report tools
Action score
53
Plan
Add it to your regular patch cycle.
- CVSS
- 29 / 40 · 7.3 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 24 / 30 · 81.4%
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| debian | debian linux | cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux |
| rubyonrails | rails | cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails |
| rubyonrails | ruby on rails | cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:ruby_on_rails |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- debian debian linux8.0
- rubyonrails rails4.0.0
- rubyonrails rails4.0.1
- rubyonrails rails4.0.10
- rubyonrails rails4.0.2
- rubyonrails rails4.0.3
- rubyonrails rails4.0.4
- rubyonrails rails4.0.5
- rubyonrails rails4.0.6
- rubyonrails rails4.0.7
- rubyonrails rails4.0.8
- rubyonrails rails4.0.9
- rubyonrails rails4.1.0
- rubyonrails rails4.1.1
- rubyonrails rails4.1.10
- rubyonrails rails4.1.12
- rubyonrails rails4.1.13
- rubyonrails rails4.1.14
- rubyonrails rails4.1.2
- rubyonrails rails4.1.3
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:12 | rails | before 2:4.2.5.2-1 | 2:4.2.5.2-1 |
| Debian:7 | ruby-actionpack-3.2 | before 3.2.6-6+deb7u3 | 3.2.6-6+deb7u3 |
| Debian:8 | rails | before 2:4.1.8-1+deb8u2 | 2:4.1.8-1+deb8u2 |
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | rubygem-actionview-4_2 | before 5.0.0.1-1.1 | 5.0.0.1-1.1 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack | before 1:4.1.5-4.el6 | 1:4.1.5-4.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack-doc | before 1:4.1.5-4.el6 | 1:4.1.5-4.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionview | before 0:4.1.5-5.el6 | 0:4.1.5-5.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionview-doc | before 0:4.1.5-5.el6 | 0:4.1.5-5.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ror40-rubygem-actionpack | before 1:4.0.2-7.el6 | 1:4.0.2-7.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ror40-rubygem-actionpack-doc | before 1:4.0.2-7.el6 | 1:4.0.2-7.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ror40-rubygem-activerecord | before 1:4.0.2-6.el6 | 1:4.0.2-6.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ror40-rubygem-activerecord-doc | before 1:4.0.2-6.el6 | 1:4.0.2-6.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ror40-rubygem-activesupport | before 1:4.0.2-4.el6 | 1:4.0.2-4.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ruby193-rubygem-actionpack | before 1:3.2.8-16.el6 | 1:3.2.8-16.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ruby193-rubygem-actionpack-doc | before 1:3.2.8-16.el6 | 1:3.2.8-16.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ruby193-rubygem-activerecord | before 1:3.2.8-11.el6 | 1:3.2.8-11.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ruby193-rubygem-activerecord-doc | before 1:3.2.8-11.el6 | 1:3.2.8-11.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | ruby193-rubygem-activesupport | before 1:3.2.8-6.el6 | 1:3.2.8-6.el6 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack | before 1:4.1.5-4.el7 | 1:4.1.5-4.el7 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack-doc | before 1:4.1.5-4.el7 | 1:4.1.5-4.el7 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionview | before 0:4.1.5-5.el7 | 0:4.1.5-5.el7 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionview-doc | before 0:4.1.5-5.el7 | 0:4.1.5-5.el7 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | ror40-rubygem-actionpack | before 1:4.0.2-7.el7 | 1:4.0.2-7.el7 |
| Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el7 | ror40-rubygem-actionpack-doc | before 1:4.0.2-7.el7 | 1:4.0.2-7.el7 |
+25
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Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| debian:rails | 2:4.2.5.2-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:ruby-actionpack-3.2 | 3.2.6-6+deb7u3 · Debian:7 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:rubygem-actionview-4_2 | 5.0.0.1-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack | 1:4.1.5-4.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:rh-ror41-rubygem-actionpack-doc | 1:4.1.5-4.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ror40-rubygem-actionpack | 1:4.0.2-7.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ror40-rubygem-actionpack-doc | 1:4.0.2-7.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ror40-rubygem-activerecord | 1:4.0.2-6.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ror40-rubygem-activerecord-doc | 1:4.0.2-6.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ror40-rubygem-activesupport | 1:4.0.2-4.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ruby193-rubygem-actionpack | 1:3.2.8-16.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ruby193-rubygem-actionpack-doc | 1:3.2.8-16.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ruby193-rubygem-activerecord | 1:3.2.8-11.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ruby193-rubygem-activerecord-doc | 1:3.2.8-11.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:ruby193-rubygem-activesupport | 1:3.2.8-6.el6 · Red Hat:rhel_software_collections:2::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| RubyGems:actionpack | 3.2.22.2 | Package registry (OSV) |
| RubyGems:actionpack | 4.1.14.2 | Package registry (OSV) |
| RubyGems:actionpack | 4.2.5.2 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:portus | 2.0.3-2.4 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Containers 12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-actionmailer-4_2 | 4.2.9-3.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-actionpack-3_2 | 3.2.12-0.26.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Software Development Kit 11 SP4 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-actionpack-4_2 | 4.2.9-7.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-actionview-4_1 | 4.1.9-12.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 5 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-actionview-4_2 | 4.2.2-8.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-activejob-4_2 | 4.2.9-3.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-activemodel-4_2 | 4.2.9-6.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-activerecord-4_2 | 4.2.9-6.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-activesupport-4_2 | 4.2.9-7.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-rails-4_2 | 4.2.9-3.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:rubygem-rails-html-sanitizer | 1.0.3-8.3.1 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 6 | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
Weaponized
A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.
Evidence
- Metasploit module ×1
- Exploit-DB entry ×1
- Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×12
Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.
| Source | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2016-07-11 |
| Metasploit module | exploit/multi/http/rails_actionpack_inline_execRuby on Rails ActionPack Inline ERB Code Executionexploit | 2016-03-01 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:3 | 2016-03-01 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:1 | 2016-06-07 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:1 | 2017-01-25 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:16 | 2018-02-09 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:1 | 2018-06-19 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:0 | 2019-10-30 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:2 | 2020-07-27 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:0 | 2021-04-07 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:4 | 2021-08-31 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:2 | 2022-09-24 |
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- First PoC-38 d
- Metasploit-38 d
- Published
- TodaySep 30, 2026+3827 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
The product’s vendor appears in a public program. Matched by name; verify the scope text in the program.
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- low · data can be read
- Integrity
- low · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- low · the service can be disrupted
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Unchanged
- Confidentiality impact
- Low
- Integrity impact
- Low
- Availability impact
- Low
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-20 · Improper Input ValidationCVSS vector
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
nvd-primary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Server Side Include (SSI) InjectionCAPEC-101likelihood: High · High
- Cross Zone ScriptingCAPEC-104likelihood: Medium · High
- Command Line Execution through SQL InjectionCAPEC-108likelihood: Low · Very High
- Object Relational Mapping InjectionCAPEC-109likelihood: Low · High
- SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter TamperingCAPEC-110likelihood: High · Very High
- Double EncodingCAPEC-120likelihood: Low · Medium
- Subverting Environment Variable ValuesCAPEC-13likelihood: High · Very High
ATT&CK techniques
- Obfuscated Files or InformationT1027
- Masquerading: Invalid Code SignatureT1036.001
- Steal Web Session CookieT1539
- Subvert Trust Controls: Code SigningT1553.002
- Impair Defenses:Impair Command History LoggingT1562.003
- Hijack Execution Flow:Dynamic Linker HijackingT1574.006
- Hijack Execution Flow:Path Interception by PATH Environment VariableT1574.007
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for all 385,000+ vulnerabilities; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for helpChange log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html
- weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/
- www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509
- www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725
- www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122
- groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ
- www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.