CVE-2025-0938: URL parser allowed square brackets in domain names
Noroxi assessment
Priority: Monitor (action score 25/100)
- The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
- Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 1.5% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 75.1% of all records.
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.
- Fixed version: Python Software Foundation CPython 3.10.17, 3.11.12, 3.12.9; azl3 python3 3.12.3-5 on Azure Linux 3.0 3.12.9-1; azl3 python3 3.12.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 3.12.9-1.
Low priority for now. Upgrade to Python Software Foundation CPython 3.10.17, 3.11.12, 3.12.9; azl3 python3 3.12.3-5 on Azure Linux 3.0 3.12.9-1; azl3 python3 3.12.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 3.12.9-1 or later.
Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it
Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS
The Python standard library functions `urllib.parse.urlsplit` and `urlparse` accepted domain names that included square brackets which isn't valid according to RFC 3986. Square brackets are only meant to be used as delimiters for specifying IPv6 and IPvFuture hosts in URLs. This could result in differential parsing across the Python URL parser and other specification-compliant URL parsers.
- BDU:2025-04572
- ALSA-2025:23530
- ALSA-2025:6977
- ALSA-2025:7107
- ALSA-2025:7109
- ALSA-2026:5588
- DLA-4087-1
- DLA-4354-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14750-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14751-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14758-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14759-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14760-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:14761-1
- RHBA-2025:6294
- RHSA-2025:23530
- RHSA-2025:6977
- RHSA-2025:7107
- RHSA-2025:7109
- RHSA-2026:5588
- Published
- Jan 31, 2025
- Updated
- Jul 31, 2026
- EPSS
- 1.5% · 75th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-20
Report tools
Action score
25
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 25 / 40 · 6.3 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 0 / 30 · 1.5%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- none
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- partial
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
CNA vs NVD score
- NVD
- —
- CNA · PSF
- 6.3
- NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.
Get told when this record changes
- Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
- No public exploit code on record
- A fix has been released
If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.
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Noroxi analysis
What does it mean in your environment?
The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.
We use this product, ask for helpAffected systems
Is your version affected?
Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.
—
Versions reported by the vendor
Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (PSF). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.
Python Software Foundation CPython
- before 3.9.22affected · python
- 3.10.0 and later · before 3.10.17affected · python
- 3.11.0 and later · before 3.11.12affected · python
- 3.12.0 and later · before 3.12.9affected · python
- 3.13.0 and later · before 3.13.2affected · python
- 3.14.0a1 and later · before 3.14.0a5affected · python
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlmaLinux:8 | platform-python | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | platform-python-debug | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | platform-python-devel | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python3-idle | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python3-libs | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python3-test | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python3-tkinter | before 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 | 3.6.8-74.el8_10.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39 | before 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-attrs | before 20.3.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 20.3.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-cffi | before 1.14.3-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 1.14.3-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-cffi | before 1.14.3-2.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c | 1.14.3-2.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-chardet | before 3.0.4-19.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 3.0.4-19.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-cryptography | before 3.3.1-3.module_el8.10.0+3765+2f9a457d | 3.3.1-3.module_el8.10.0+3765+2f9a457d |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-Cython | before 0.29.21-5.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 0.29.21-5.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-Cython | before 0.29.21-5.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c | 0.29.21-5.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-debug | before 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-devel | before 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-idle | before 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-idna | before 2.10-4.module_el8.10.0+3849+a48d89aa | 2.10-4.module_el8.10.0+3849+a48d89aa |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-iniconfig | before 1.1.1-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 1.1.1-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-libs | before 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-lxml | before 4.6.5-1.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c | 4.6.5-1.module_el8.6.0+3248+c431e88c |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-lxml | before 4.6.5-1.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 | 4.6.5-1.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | python39-mod_wsgi | before 4.7.1-7.module_el8.10.0+3989+a618fe15.1 | 4.7.1-7.module_el8.10.0+3989+a618fe15.1 |
+96
Same product
python software foundation: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2026-115557Distrust compromised intermediate certificates in ssl module37Monitor
- CVE-2025-4517Arbitrary writes via tarfile realpath overflow37Monitor
- CVE-2026-19445Use-after-free of a server-side SSLContext when sni_callback switches contexts36Monitor
Published before and after this one in the same product
- ← EarlierCVE-2024-11168Nov 12, 2024 · Improper validation of IPv6 and IPvFuture addresses25Monitor
- ← EarlierCVE-2024-12254Dec 6, 2024 · Unbounded memory buffering in SelectorSocketTransport.writelines()35Monitor
- Later →CVE-2024-3220Feb 14, 2025 · Default mimetype known files writeable on Windows9Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.10.17 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.11.12 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.12.9 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.13.2 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.14.0a5 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Python Software Foundation CPython | 3.9.22 | Vendor (CNA) |
| azl3 python3 3.12.3-5 on Azure Linux 3.0 | 3.12.9-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| azl3 python3 3.12.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 | 3.12.9-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 python3 3.9.19-10 on CBL Mariner 2.0 | 3.9.19-10 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 python3 3.9.19-13 on CBL Mariner 2.0 | 3.9.19-10 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| cbl2 python3 3.9.19-13 on CBL-Mariner 2.0 | 3.9.19-10 · CBL-Mariner Releases | Microsoft (MSRC) |
| almalinux:python39 | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-attrs | 20.3.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-cffi | 1.14.3-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-chardet | 3.0.4-19.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-cryptography | 3.3.1-3.module_el8.10.0+3765+2f9a457d · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-Cython | 0.29.21-5.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-debug | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-devel | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-idle | 3.9.25-2.module_el8.10.0+4083+53cad1fb · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-idna | 2.10-4.module_el8.10.0+3849+a48d89aa · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-iniconfig | 1.1.1-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:python39-PyMySQL | 0.10.1-2.module_el8.6.0+2780+a40f65e1 · AlmaLinux:8 | Package registry (OSV) |
| alpine:python3 | 3.11.12-r0 · Alpine:v3.18 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:pypy3 | 7.3.18+dfsg-2 · Debian:13 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:python3.11 | 3.11.2-6+deb12u6 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:python3.13 | 3.13.2-1 · Debian:13 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:python3.9 | 3.9.2-1+deb11u3 · Debian:11 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:python | 2.7.18-150000.71.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:python-base | 2.7.18-150000.71.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
+46
Exploit status
No known public exploit
No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
No dated events beyond publication.
No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No user action is required.
- Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- High
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- X
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-20 · Improper Input ValidationCVSS vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
nvd-secondary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Server Side Include (SSI) InjectionCAPEC-101likelihood: High · High
- Cross Zone ScriptingCAPEC-104likelihood: Medium · High
- Command Line Execution through SQL InjectionCAPEC-108likelihood: Low · Very High
- Object Relational Mapping InjectionCAPEC-109likelihood: Low · High
- SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter TamperingCAPEC-110likelihood: High · Very High
- Double EncodingCAPEC-120likelihood: Low · Medium
- Subverting Environment Variable ValuesCAPEC-13likelihood: High · Very High
ATT&CK techniques
- Obfuscated Files or InformationT1027
- Masquerading: Invalid Code SignatureT1036.001
- Steal Web Session CookieT1539
- Subvert Trust Controls: Code SigningT1553.002
- Impair Defenses:Impair Command History LoggingT1562.003
- Hijack Execution Flow:Dynamic Linker HijackingT1574.006
- Hijack Execution Flow:Path Interception by PATH Environment VariableT1574.007
Change log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
Show all references (10 more)Show less
- github.com/python/cpython/commit/90e526ae67b172ed7c6c56e7edad36263b0f9403
- github.com/python/cpython/commit/a7084f6075c9595ba60119ce8c62f1496f50c568
- github.com/python/cpython/commit/b8b4b713c5f8ec0958c7ef8d29d6711889bc94ab
- github.com/python/cpython/commit/d89a5f6a6e65511a5f6e0618c4c30a7aa5aba56a
- github.com/python/cpython/commit/ff4e5c25666f63544071a6b075ae8b25c98b7a32
- github.com/python/cpython/issues/105704
- github.com/python/cpython/pull/129418
- mail.python.org/archives/list/security-announce@python.org/thread/K4EUG6EKV6JYFIC24BASYOZS4M5XOQIB/
- lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00013.html
- security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0002/
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.