NVD / CVE Program· CNA EEF

CVE-2025-48040: Malicious Key Exchange Messages may Lead to Excessive Resource Consumption

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 27/100)

The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.45% (FIRST EPSS).
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
Fixed version: Erlang OTP 26.2.5.15, 27.3.4.3, 28.0.3; azl3 erlang 26.2.5.13-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.15-1; cbl2 erlang 25.3.2.21-2 on CBL Mariner 2.0 25.3.2.21-3.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Erlang OTP 26.2.5.15, 27.3.4.3, 28.0.3; azl3 erlang 26.2.5.13-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.15-1; cbl2 erlang 25.3.2.21-2 on CBL Mariner 2.0 25.3.2.21-3 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption vulnerability in Erlang OTP ssh (ssh_sftp modules) allows Excessive Allocation, Flooding. This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftpd.erl. This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 28.0.3, OTP 27.3.4.3 and OTP 26.2.5.15, corresponding to ssh from 3.0.1 before 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3 and 5.1.4.12.

MediumCVSS 6.9 · v4.0—No exploit Fix available

Published: Sep 11, 2025
Updated: Jul 24, 2026
EPSS: 0.4% · 39th percentile
CWE: CWE-400

Report tools

JSON

Action score

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS: 27 / 40 · 6.9 / 10
CISA KEV: 0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS: 0 / 30 · 0.4%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical impact: partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: —
CNA · EEF: 6.9; NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
No public exploit code on record
A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens

Is your version affected? Check it

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

We use this product, ask for help

Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (EEF). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

Erlang OTP
- 3.0.1 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3, 5.1.4.12
- 17.0 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 28.0.3, 27.3.4.3, 26.2.5.15
- 07b8f441ca711f9812fad9e9115bab3c3aa92f79 and lateraffected · gitfixed in 7cd7abb7e19e16b027eaee6a54e1f6fbbe21181a, 548f1295d86d0803da884db8685cc16d461d0d5a

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Debian:12	erlang	before 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4	1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4
Debian:13	erlang	before 1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u1	1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u1
Debian:14	erlang	before 1:27.3.4.3+dfsg-1	1:27.3.4.3+dfsg-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	erlang	before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1	23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	erlang26	before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1	26.2.1-150300.7.22.1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0	erlang	before 27.1.3-160000.3.1	27.1.3-160000.3.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7	erlang	before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1	23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7	erlang26	before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1	26.2.1-150300.7.22.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0	erlang	before 27.1.3-160000.3.1	27.1.3-160000.3.1

Same product

erlang: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2026-89422TLS 1.3 client skips server authentication when ServerHello carries an unsolicited pre_shared_key extension
37Monitor
CVE-2026-74835inets,httpd: Memory Exhaustion via Unenforced max_body_size During Chunked Body Reception
34Monitor
CVE-2026-71380httpd applies no timeout while receiving a request body, parking a worker on a stalled client
34Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2025-48038Sep 11, 2025 · Unverified File Handles can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
21Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2025-48039Sep 11, 2025 · Unverified Paths can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
21Monitor
Later →CVE-2025-48041Sep 11, 2025 · SSH_FXP_OPENDIR may Lead to Exhaustion of File Handles
28Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
Erlang OTP	26.2.5.15	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	27.3.4.3	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	28.0.3	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	5.1.4.12	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	5.2.11.3	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	5.3.3	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	548f1295d86d0803da884db8685cc16d461d0d5a	Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP	7cd7abb7e19e16b027eaee6a54e1f6fbbe21181a	Vendor (CNA)
azl3 erlang 26.2.5.13-1 on Azure Linux 3.0	26.2.5.15-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
cbl2 erlang 25.3.2.21-2 on CBL Mariner 2.0	25.3.2.21-3 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
cbl2 erlang 25.3.2.21-4 on CBL Mariner 2.0	25.3.2.21-4 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
debian:erlang	1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang	23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang26	26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
suse:erlang	23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7	Package registry (OSV)
suse:erlang26	26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Jakub Witczakremediation developer
Ingela Anderton Andinremediation reviewer

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

CVE-2025-480410 days apartSSH_FXP_OPENDIR may Lead to Exhaustion of File Handles
28Monitor
CVE-2025-480380 days apartUnverified File Handles can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
21Monitor
CVE-2025-480390 days apartUnverified Paths can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
21Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: X

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-400 · Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

CVSS vector

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

nvd-secondary

Root cause

Code that parses nested structures sets no depth or size limit. A small input can turn into a disproportionate processing load.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-400 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1function expand(node) {
2  return node.children.map(expand);
3}

Fixed

1const MAX_DEPTH = 32;
2function expand(node, depth = 0) {
3  if (depth > MAX_DEPTH) throw new Error("too deep");
4  return node.children.map((c) => expand(c, depth + 1));
5}

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

Endpoint Denial of ServiceT1499

Change log

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:11 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48040.html

Show all references (6 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records