NVD / CVE Program· CNA GitHub_M

CVE-2025-32433: Erlang/OTP SSH Vulnerable to Pre-Authentication RCE

CriticalCVSS 10.0 · v3.1KEVWeaponized Fix available

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Now (action score 100/100)

CISA has confirmed exploitation in the wild (Jun 9, 2025). Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: Jun 30, 2025.
A ready-made attack module is public (Metasploit, Nuclei); exploiting it takes no special expertise.
Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 98.9% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 99.9% of all records.
Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
Fixed version: azl3 erlang 26.2.5.11-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.11-1; azl3 erlang 26.2.5.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.11-1; cbl2 erlang 25.2-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0 25.3.2.20-1.

Patch today or shut off access. Upgrade to azl3 erlang 26.2.5.11-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.11-1; azl3 erlang 26.2.5.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 26.2.5.11-1; cbl2 erlang 25.2-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0 25.3.2.20-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · CISA KEV · FIRST EPSS

Erlang/OTP is a set of libraries for the Erlang programming language. Prior to versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20, a SSH server may allow an attacker to perform unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). By exploiting a flaw in SSH protocol message handling, a malicious actor could gain unauthorized access to affected systems and execute arbitrary commands without valid credentials. This issue is patched in versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20. A temporary workaround involves disabling the SSH server or to prevent access via firewall rules.

Published: Apr 16, 2025
Updated: Jun 17, 2026
EPSS: 98.9% · 99th percentile
CWE: CWE-306

Report tools

JSON

Action score

100

Now

Patch today or shut off access.

CVSS: 40 / 40 · 10.0 / 10
CISA KEV: 30 / 30 · Listed
EPSS: 30 / 30 · 98.9%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical impact: total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD: —
CNA · GitHub_M: 10.0; NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Actively exploited in the wild

CISA added this to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on Jun 9, 2025. That signals real attacks, not theory.

Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: Jun 30, 2025.

Get told when this record changes

In CISA KEV: exploitation in the wild confirmed
Weaponized exploit exists
A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Is your version affected? Check it

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

We use this product, ask for help

Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

Vendor	Product	CPE
erlang	erlang\/otp	cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\/otp
cisco	confd basic	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:confd_basic
cisco	network services orchestrator	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:network_services_orchestrator
cisco	cloud native broadband network gateway	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:cloud_native_broadband_network_gateway
cisco	inode manager	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:inode_manager
cisco	smart phy	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:smart_phy
cisco	ultra packet core	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:ultra_packet_core
cisco	ultra services platform	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:ultra_services_platform
cisco	staros	cpe:2.3:o:cisco:staros
cisco	optical site manager	cpe:2.3:a:cisco:optical_site_manager
cisco	ncs 1001	cpe:2.3:h:cisco:ncs_1001
cisco	ncs 1002	cpe:2.3:h:cisco:ncs_1002

and 24 more

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (GitHub_M). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

erlang otp
- >= OTP-27.0-rc1, < OTP-27.3.3, >= OTP-26.0-rc1, < OTP-26.2.5.11, < OTP-25.3.2.20affected

Affected versions · NVD (20)

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

cisco cloud native broadband network gatewaybefore 2025.03.1
cisco confd basic8.3 and later · before 8.3.8.1
cisco confd basic8.4 and later · before 8.4.4.1
cisco confd basicbefore 7.7.19.1
cisco confd basic8.0.18 and later · before 8.1.16.2
cisco confd basic8.2 and later · before 8.2.11.1
cisco enterprise nfv infrastructure softwarebefore 4.18
cisco inode managerall versions
cisco ncs 2000 shelf virtualization orchestrator firmwarebefore 25.1.1
cisco network services orchestrator6.2 and later · before 6.2.11.1
cisco network services orchestratorbefore 5.7.19.1
cisco network services orchestrator5.8 and later · before 6.1.16.2
cisco network services orchestrator6.3 and later · before 6.3.8.1
cisco network services orchestrator6.4 and later · before 6.4.1.1
cisco network services orchestrator6.4.2 and later · before 6.4.4.1
cisco optical site managerbefore 25.2.1
cisco rv160 firmwareall versions
cisco rv160w firmwareall versions
cisco rv260 firmwareall versions
cisco rv260p firmwareall versions

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

Ecosystem	Package	Affected range	Fix
Alpine:v3.21	erlang	before 26.2.5.11-r0	26.2.5.11-r0
Debian:11	erlang	before 1:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u2	1:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u2
Debian:12	erlang	before 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u1	1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u1
Debian:13	erlang	before 1:27.3.3+dfsg-1	1:27.3.3+dfsg-1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	erlang	before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1	23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6	erlang26	before 26.2.1-150300.7.11.1	26.2.1-150300.7.11.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP6	erlang	before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1	23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP6	erlang26	before 26.2.1-150300.7.11.1	26.2.1-150300.7.11.1

Same product

erlang: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

CVE-2017-1000385The Erlang otp TLS server answers with different TLS alerts to different error types in the RSA PKCS #1 1.5 padding.
60This week
CVE-2022-37026In Erlang/OTP before 23.3.4.15, 24.x before 24.3.4.2, and 25.x before 25.0.2, there is a Client Authentication Bypass in certain…
39Monitor
CVE-2016-10253An issue was discovered in Erlang/OTP 18.x.
39Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

← EarlierCVE-2020-25623Oct 2, 2020 · Erlang/OTP 22.3.x before 22.3.4.6 and 23.x before 23.1 allows Directory Traversal.
31Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2020-35733Jan 15, 2021 · An issue was discovered in Erlang/OTP before 23.2.2.
30Monitor
← EarlierCVE-2021-29221Apr 9, 2021 · A local privilege escalation vulnerability was discovered in Erlang/OTP prior to version 23.2.3.
28Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / package	Fixed version	Source
azl3 erlang 26.2.5.11-1 on Azure Linux 3.0	26.2.5.11-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
azl3 erlang 26.2.5.9-1 on Azure Linux 3.0	26.2.5.11-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
cbl2 erlang 25.2-3 on CBL Mariner 2.0	25.3.2.20-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
cbl2 erlang 25.2-3 on CBL-Mariner 2.0	25.3.2.20-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
cbl2 erlang 25.3.2.20-1 on CBL Mariner 2.0	25.3.2.20-1 · CBL-Mariner Releases	Microsoft (MSRC)
alpine:erlang	26.2.5.11-r0 · Alpine:v3.21	Package registry (OSV)
debian:erlang	1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u1 · Debian:12	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang	23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang26	26.2.1-150300.7.11.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6	Package registry (OSV)
suse:erlang	23.3.4.19-150300.3.20.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP6	Package registry (OSV)
suse:erlang26	26.2.1-150300.7.11.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP6	Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

Weaponized

A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.

Evidence

Metasploit module ×1
Nuclei detection template ×1
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×43

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
Source	Kind	Date
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub	43 repositories	2025-04-18 → 2026-11-06
Metasploit module	exploit/linux/ssh/ssh_erlangotp_rceErlang OTP Pre-Auth RCE Scanner and Exploitexploit	2025-04-16
Nuclei detection template	Nuclei template CVE-2025-32433	—

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

MetasploitApr 16, 2025-1 d
PublishedApr 16, 2025
First PoCApr 18, 2025+1 d
CISA KEVJun 9, 2025+53 d
TodayNov 13, 2026+576 d

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Not on record for this CVE: researcher credit · variant or chain candidate · public bounty program.

Technical details

Attack conditions

Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
No account or password is required.
No user action is required.
No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality: high · data can be read
Integrity: high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability: high · the service can be disrupted

Impact can extend beyond the vulnerable component (scope changes).

Attack vector: Network
Attack complexity: Low
Privileges required: None
User interaction: None
Scope: Changed
Confidentiality impact: High
Integrity impact: High
Availability impact: High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-306 · Missing Authentication for Critical Function

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Root cause

A function added for development or support ships to production without authentication. It often relies on the assumption that it is “only reachable from the internal network.”

The bug in code

The whole CWE-306 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

1// Added for the support team
2app.post("/maintenance/reset", resetDevice);

Fixed

1if (config.maintenanceEnabled) {
2  app.post(
3    "/maintenance/reset",
4    requireSession, requireRole("admin"), resetDevice
5  );
6}

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Attack patterns (CAPEC)

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log (1)

Fix✗ → ✓Sep 28, 2026, 10:45 PM UTC

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

github.com/erlang/otp/commit/0fcd9c56524b28615e8ece65fc0c3f66ef6e4c12

Show all references (12 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

We use this product, ask for help

Data sources and verification

CNA: GitHub_M

CVE.org (CNA)Feb 26, 2026, 6:28 PM UTC
CISA ADPFeb 26, 2026, 6:28 PM UTC
NVDJun 17, 2026, 5:11 AM UTC
FIRST EPSSOct 27, 2026, 12:00 AM UTC
OSV / GHSANov 13, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC
MSRCOct 12, 2026, 3:23 AM UTC
MetasploitNov 13, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC
NucleiNov 13, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC
PoC-in-GitHubNov 13, 2026, 3:18 AM UTC

Each line is when that source was last processed for this record.