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NVD / CVE Program· CNA GitHub_M

CVE-2025-27144: Go JOSE's Parsing Vulnerable to Denial of Service

MediumCVSS 6.6 · v4.0—No exploit Fix available

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 26/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.39% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
  • Fixed version: azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-2 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.12.15-2; azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-3 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.12.15-2; azl3 containerd 1.7.13-7 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.7.13-7.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-2 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.12.15-2; azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-3 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.12.15-2; azl3 containerd 1.7.13-7 on Azure Linux 3.0 1.7.13-7 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Go JOSE provides an implementation of the Javascript Object Signing and Encryption set of standards in Go, including support for JSON Web Encryption (JWE), JSON Web Signature (JWS), and JSON Web Token (JWT) standards. In versions on the 4.x branch prior to version 4.0.5, when parsing compact JWS or JWE input, Go JOSE could use excessive memory. The code used strings.Split(token, ".") to split JWT tokens, which is vulnerable to excessive memory consumption when processing maliciously crafted tokens with a large number of `.` characters. An attacker could exploit this by sending numerous malformed tokens, leading to memory exhaustion and a Denial of Service. Version 4.0.5 fixes this issue. As a workaround, applications could pre-validate that payloads passed to Go JOSE do not contain an excessive number of `.` characters.

Published
Feb 24, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
0.3% · 34th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

26

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
26 / 40 · 6.6 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.3%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · GitHub_M
6.6
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-27144

When you'll hear from us

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  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (GitHub_M). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • go-jose go-jose

    • >= 4.0.0, < 4.0.5affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:10buildahbefore 2:1.39.4-1.el10_02:1.39.4-1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10buildah-testsbefore 2:1.39.4-1.el10_02:1.39.4-1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10osbuild-composerbefore 134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10osbuild-composer-corebefore 134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10osbuild-composer-workerbefore 134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1134.1-3.el10_0.alma.1
AlmaLinux:10podmanbefore 6:5.4.0-9.el10_06:5.4.0-9.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10podman-dockerbefore 6:5.4.0-9.el10_06:5.4.0-9.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10podman-remotebefore 6:5.4.0-9.el10_06:5.4.0-9.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10podman-testsbefore 6:5.4.0-9.el10_06:5.4.0-9.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10skopeobefore 2:1.18.1-1.el10_02:1.18.1-1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10skopeo-testsbefore 2:1.18.1-1.el10_02:1.18.1-1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:9buildahbefore 2:1.39.4-1.el9_62:1.39.4-1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9buildah-testsbefore 2:1.39.4-1.el9_62:1.39.4-1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9skopeobefore 2:1.18.1-1.el9_62:1.18.1-1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9skopeo-testsbefore 2:1.18.1-1.el9_62:1.18.1-1.el9_6
Debian:13golang-github-go-jose-go-josebefore 4.0.5-14.0.5-1
Gogithub.com/go-jose/go-josefrom 0—
Gogithub.com/go-jose/go-josebefore 3.0.43.0.4
Gogithub.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3before 3.0.43.0.4
Gogithub.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4before 4.0.54.0.5
Gogithub.com/square/go-josefrom 0—
openSUSE:Leap 15.6apptainerbefore 1.4.5-150600.4.12.11.4.5-150600.4.12.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6apptainerbefore 1.3.6-150600.4.9.11.3.6-150600.4.9.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.6buildahbefore 1.35.5-150500.3.31.11.35.5-150500.3.31.1

+96

Same product

go-jose: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-2 on Azure Linux 3.01.12.15-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 cert-manager 1.12.15-3 on Azure Linux 3.01.12.15-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerd 1.7.13-7 on Azure Linux 3.01.7.13-7 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerd 1.7.13-8 on Azure Linux 3.01.7.13-7 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerd2 2.0.0-6 on Azure Linux 3.02.0.0-6 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerd2 2.0.0-9 on Azure Linux 3.02.0.0-6 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerized-data-importer 1.57.0-13 on Azure Linux 3.01.57.0-13 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 containerized-data-importer 1.57.0-14 on Azure Linux 3.01.57.0-13 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 dcos-cli 1.2.0-17 on Azure Linux 3.01.2.0-17 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 dcos-cli 1.2.0-18 on Azure Linux 3.01.2.0-17 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 gh 2.62.0-7 on Azure Linux 3.02.62.0-7 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 gh 2.62.0-8 on Azure Linux 3.02.62.0-7 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 ig 0.37.0-2 on Azure Linux 3.00.37.0-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 ig 0.37.0-4 on Azure Linux 3.00.37.0-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 influxdb 2.7.5-2 on Azure Linux 3.02.7.5-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 influxdb 2.7.5-5 on Azure Linux 3.02.7.5-2 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 keda 2.14.1-3 on Azure Linux 3.02.14.1-3 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 keda 2.14.1-7 on Azure Linux 3.02.14.1-3 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 kubernetes 1.30.10-3 on Azure Linux 3.01.30.10-3 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 kubernetes 1.30.10-7 on Azure Linux 3.01.30.10-3 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 moby-containerd-cc 1.7.7-9 on Azure Linux 3.01.7.7-9 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 packer 1.9.5-6 on Azure Linux 3.01.9.5-6 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 packer 1.9.5-9 on Azure Linux 3.01.9.5-6 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 skopeo 1.14.4-4 on Azure Linux 3.01.14.4-4 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 skopeo 1.14.4-5 on Azure Linux 3.01.14.4-4 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 telegraf 1.31.0-10 on Azure Linux 3.01.31.0-8 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 telegraf 1.31.0-8 on Azure Linux 3.01.31.0-8 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 cert-manager 1.11.2-19 on CBL Mariner 2.01.11.2-19 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 cert-manager 1.11.2-22 on CBL Mariner 2.01.11.2-19 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 cert-manager 1.11.2-22 on CBL-Mariner 2.01.11.2-19 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)

+90

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Not on record for this CVE: EPSS history · researcher credit · variant or chain candidate · public bounty program.

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
X

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-770 · Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

CVSS vector

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

References

Show all references (2 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records