Skip to content
Noroxi
CVE-2025-2183· NVD / CVE Program· CNA palo_alto

GlobalProtect App: Improper Certificate Validation Leads to Privilege Escalation

An insufficient certificate validation issue in the Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ app enables attackers to connect the GlobalProtect app to arbitrary servers. This can enable a local non-administrative operating system user or an attacker on the same subnet to install malicious root certificates on the endpoint and subsequently install malicious software signed by the malicious root certificates on that endpoint.

MediumCVSS 5.3 · v4.0—No exploit Fix available
Published
Aug 13, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
0.1% · 2th percentile
Follow this CVE

Sign in to follow · You’ll be notified if a followed record enters KEV, gets an exploit or is updated.

Report tools

JSON

Action score

21

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.1%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · palo_alto
5.3
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/AU:N/R:U/V:D/U:Amber

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Noroxi analysis

No Noroxi analysis for this record yet

We don't hand-write analysis for the hundreds of thousands of vulnerabilities in the database; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.

We use this product, ask for help

Affected systems

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (palo_alto). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Palo Alto Networks Global Protect UWP App

    • Allnot affected

  • Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect App

    • Allnot affected
    • 6.1.0, 6.0.0, 6.1.0, 6.0.0affected
    • 6.3.0 and later · before 6.3.3-h2 (6.3.3-c676)affectedfixed in 6.3.3-h2 (6.3.3-c676)
    • 6.2.0 and later · before 6.2.8-h3 (6.2.8-c263)affectedfixed in 6.2.8-h3 (6.2.8-c263)
    • 6.3.0 and later · before 6.3.3affectedfixed in 6.3.3
    • 6.2.0 and later · before 11.1.10affectedfixed in 11.1.10

Same product

palo alto networks: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-0141GlobalProtect App: Privilege Escalation (PE) Vulnerability
    33Monitor
  • CVE-2025-0117GlobalProtect App: Local Privilege Escalation (PE) Vulnerability
    28Monitor
  • CVE-2025-2179GlobalProtect App: Non Admin User Can Disable the GlobalProtect App
    27Monitor
  • CVE-2025-0140GlobalProtect App: Non Admin User Can Disable the GlobalProtect App
    27Monitor
  • CVE-2026-0307GlobalProtect App: Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerabilities
    23Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect App11.1.10Vendor (CNA)
Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect App6.2.8-h3 (6.2.8-c263)Vendor (CNA)
Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect App6.3.3Vendor (CNA)
Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect App6.3.3-h2 (6.3.3-c676)Vendor (CNA)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Physical access to the device is required.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Attack vector
Physical
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
P
Scope
X

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-295 · Improper Certificate Validation

CVSS vector

CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:N/R:U/V:D/RE:X/U:Amber

nvd-secondary

Root cause

A certificate validation error is silently swallowed instead of terminating the connection. Often, code added for a test environment makes its way into production.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-295 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

kotlin
override fun checkServerTrusted(chain: Array<X509Certificate>, type: String) {  // Left empty for the test environment}

Fixed

kotlin
val client = OkHttpClient.Builder()  .certificatePinner(    CertificatePinner.Builder()      .add("api.sirius.example", "sha256/…")      .build()  ).build()

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records