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NVD / CVE Program· CNA juniper

CVE-2025-21598: Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: When BGP traceoptions are configured, receipt of malformed BGP packets causes RPD to crash

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 32/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.71% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 54.1% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
  • Fixed version: Juniper Networks Junos OS 21.2R3-S9, 21.4R3-S9, 22.2R3-S5; Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved 21.4R3-S9-EVO, 22.2R3-S5-EVO, 22.3R3-S4-EVO.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Juniper Networks Junos OS 21.2R3-S9, 21.4R3-S9, 22.2R3-S5; Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved 21.4R3-S9-EVO, 22.2R3-S5-EVO, 22.3R3-S4-EVO or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects: Junos OS:  * from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,  * from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,  * from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,  * from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,  * from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,  * from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,  * from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,  * from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2. Junos OS Evolved: * from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,  * from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,  * from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,  * from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,  * from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,  * from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,  * from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO. This issue requires a BGP session to be established. This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices. This issue affects iBGP and eBGP. This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6. An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue: For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device:  show log messages Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating:   rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and   rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute

HighCVSS 8.2 · v4.0—No exploit Fix available
Published
Jan 9, 2025
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
0.7% · 54th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

32

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
32 / 40 · 8.2 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.7%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · juniper
7.5
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

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Follow CVE-2025-21598

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
juniperjunos
juniperjunos os evolved

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • juniper junos21.2
  • juniper junos21.4
  • juniper junos22.2
  • juniper junos22.3
  • juniper junos22.4
  • juniper junos23.2
  • juniper junos23.4
  • juniper junos24.2
  • juniper junos os evolved21.4
  • juniper junos os evolved22.2
  • juniper junos os evolved22.3
  • juniper junos os evolved22.4
  • juniper junos os evolved23.2
  • juniper junos os evolved23.4
  • juniper junos os evolved24.2

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (juniper). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Juniper Networks Junos OS

    • 21.2R3-S8 and later · before 21.2R3-S9affected · semver
    • 21.4R3-S7 and later · before 21.4R3-S9affected · semver
    • 22.2R3-S4 and later · before 22.2R3-S5affected · semver
    • 22.3R3-S2 and later · before 22.3R3-S4affected · semver
    • 22.4R3 and later · before 22.4R3-S5affected · semver
    • 23.2R2 and later · before 23.2R2-S2affected · semver
    • 23.4R1 and later · before 23.4R2-S1affected · semver
    • 24.2R1 and later · before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2affected · semver

  • Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved

    • 21.4R3-S7-EVO and later · before 21.4R3-S9-EVOaffected · se
    • 22.2R3-S4-EVO and later · before 22.2R3-S5-EVOaffected · semver
    • 22.3R3-S2-EVO and later · before 22.3R3-S4-EVOaffected · semver
    • 22.4R3-EVO and later · before 22.4R3-S5-EVOaffected · semver
    • 23.2R2-EVO and later · before 23.2R2-S2-EVOaffected · semver
    • 23.4R1-EVO and later · before 23.4R2-S1-EVOaffected · semver
    • 24.2R1-EVO and later · before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVOaffected · semver

Same product

juniper: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2023-36845Junos OS: EX and SRX Series: A PHP vulnerability in J-Web allows an unauthenticated to control an important environment variableKEV
    98Now
  • CVE-2023-36846Junos OS: SRX Series: A vulnerability in J-Web allows an unauthenticated attacker to upload arbitrary filesKEV
    79This week
  • CVE-2023-36844Junos OS: EX Series: A PHP vulnerability in J-Web allows an unauthenticated attacker to control important environment variablesKEV
    78This week

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-21600Jan 9, 2025 · Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: With certain BGP options enabled, receipt of specifically malformed BGP update causes RPD crash
    28Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-21602Jan 9, 2025 · Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: Receipt of specially crafted BGP update packet causes RPD crash
    28Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2024-39564Feb 5, 2025 · Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: Receipt of malformed BGP path attributes leads to RPD crash
    34Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Juniper Networks Junos OS21.2R3-S9Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS21.4R3-S9Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS22.2R3-S5Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS22.3R3-S4Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS22.4R3-S5Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS23.2R2-S2Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS23.4R2-S1Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2Vendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved21.4R3-S9-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved22.2R3-S5-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved22.3R3-S4-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved22.4R3-S5-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved23.2R2-S2-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved23.4R2-S1-EVOVendor (CNA)
Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVOVendor (CNA)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2024-3951692 days apartJunos OS and Junos OS Evolved: With certain BGP options enabled, receipt of specifically malformed BGP update causes RPD crash
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2024-30401272 days apartJunos OS: MX Series and EX9200-15C: Stack-based buffer overflow in aftman
    32Monitor
  • CVE-2025-216000 days apartJunos OS and Junos OS Evolved: With certain BGP options enabled, receipt of specifically malformed BGP update causes RPD crash
    28Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
X

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-125 · Out-of-bounds Read

CVSS vector

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:Y/R:A/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (1 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records