Skip to content
Noroxi
NVD / CVE Program· CNA microsoft

CVE-2025-21391: Windows Storage Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Plan (action score 59/100)

  • CISA has confirmed exploitation in the wild (Feb 11, 2025). Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: Mar 4, 2025.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 2.2% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 83.1% of all records.
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Windows 10 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.10240.20915; Windows 10 for x64-based Systems 10.0.10240.20915; Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.14393.7785.

Add it to your regular patch cycle. Upgrade to Windows 10 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.10240.20915; Windows 10 for x64-based Systems 10.0.10240.20915; Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.14393.7785 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · CISA KEV · FIRST EPSS

HighCVSS 7.1 · v3.1KEVWeaponized Fix available
Published
Feb 11, 2025
Updated
Sep 24, 2026
EPSS
2.2% · 83th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

59

Plan

Add it to your regular patch cycle.

CVSS
28 / 40 · 7.1 / 10
CISA KEV
30 / 30 · Listed
EPSS
1 / 30 · 2.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
active
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · microsoft
7.1
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Actively exploited in the wild

CISA added this to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on Feb 11, 2025. That signals real attacks, not theory.

Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: Mar 4, 2025.

Get told when this record changes

  • In CISA KEV: exploitation in the wild confirmed
  • Weaponized exploit exists
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-21391

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

One daily email digest (06:00 UTC); connect a webhook for KEV listings and weaponized exploits instantly.

Your free account also gets you

Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens

  • Stack alerts: add the products and versions you run, get the new CVEs that affect them
  • Uptime monitoring: 1 site, instant email when it goes down
  • Add your domain: subdomains and takeover risk scanned every week (1 domain)
  • 10 scans an hour on the security tools (3 a day without an account), an API key and MCP
  • All your scans in one panel: findings, what changed in the last scan, a report per domain or per client (PDF, share link)
All free tools

Sign up with email · Have an account? Sign in

Free account, no card. Unfollow any time.

Don't want an account? Get "Exploited this week" by email every MondayDon't want an account? RSS feed for microsoft records

Running WordPress? Scan your site free with WP Lens

Is your version affected? Check it

Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

We use this product, ask for help

Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
microsoftwindows 10 1507
microsoftwindows 10 1607
microsoftwindows 10 1809
microsoftwindows 10 21h2
microsoftwindows 10 22h2
microsoftwindows 11 22h2
microsoftwindows 11 23h2
microsoftwindows 11 24h2
microsoftwindows server 2016
microsoftwindows server 2019
microsoftwindows server 2022
microsoftwindows server 2022 23h2

and 1 more

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • microsoft windows server 2016before 10.0.14393.7785
  • microsoft windows server 2019before 10.0.17763.6893
  • microsoft windows server 2022before 10.0.20348.3148
  • microsoft windows server 2022 23h2before 10.0.25398.1425
  • microsoft windows server 2025before 10.0.26100.3107

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (microsoft). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507

    • 10.0.10240.0 and later · before 10.0.10240.20915affected

  • Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607

    • 10.0.14393.0 and later · before 10.0.14393.7785affected

  • Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809

    • 10.0.17763.0 and later · before 10.0.17763.6893affected

  • Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2

    • 10.0.19044.0 and later · before 10.0.19044.5487affected

  • Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2

    • 10.0.19045.0 and later · before 10.0.19045.5487affected

  • Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2

    • 10.0.22621.0 and later · before 10.0.22621.4890affected

  • Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3

    • 10.0.22631.0 and later · before 10.0.22631.4890affected

  • Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2

    • 10.0.22631.0 and later · before 10.0.22631.4890affected

  • Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2

    • 10.0.26100.0 and later · before 10.0.26100.3194affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2016

    • 10.0.14393.0 and later · before 10.0.14393.7785affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)

    • 10.0.14393.0 and later · before 10.0.14393.7785affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2019

    • 10.0.17763.0 and later · before 10.0.17763.6893affected

Same product

microsoft: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2021-34527Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution VulnerabilityKEV
    95Now
  • CVE-2021-40444Microsoft MSHTML Remote Code Execution VulnerabilityKEV
    94Now
  • CVE-2025-33053Internet Shortcut Files Remote Code Execution VulnerabilityKEV
    91Now

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-21376Feb 11, 2025 · Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    35Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2025-21377Feb 11, 2025 · NTLM Hash Disclosure Spoofing Vulnerability
    38Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-21406Feb 11, 2025 · Windows Telephony Service Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    36Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Windows 10 for 32-bit Systems10.0.10240.20915 · KB5052040Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 for x64-based Systems10.0.10240.20915 · KB5052040Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems10.0.14393.7785 · KB5052006Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 1607 for x64-based Systems10.0.14393.7785 · KB5052006Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 1809 for 32-bit Systems10.0.17763.6893 · KB5052000Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems10.0.17763.6893 · KB5052000Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 21H2 for 32-bit Systems10.0.19044.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 21H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.19044.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.19044.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 22H2 for 32-bit Systems10.0.19045.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.19045.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.19045.5487 · KB5051974Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.22621.4890 · KB5051989Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.22621.4890 · KB5051989Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 23H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.22631.4890 · KB5051989Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 23H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.22631.4890 · KB5051989Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.26100.3107 · KB5052105Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems10.0.26100.3194 · KB5051987Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.26100.3107 · KB5052105Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems10.0.26100.3194 · KB5051987Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 201610.0.14393.7785 · KB5052006Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)10.0.14393.7785 · KB5052006Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 201910.0.17763.6893 · KB5052000Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)10.0.17763.6893 · KB5052000Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 202210.0.20348.3148 · KB5052106Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 202210.0.20348.3207 · KB5051979Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation)10.0.20348.3148 · KB5052106Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation)10.0.20348.3207 · KB5051979Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation)10.0.25398.1425 · KB5051980Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 202510.0.26100.3107 · KB5052105Microsoft (MSRC)

+3

Exploit status

Weaponized

A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. CISA KEV-1 d
  2. Published
  3. TodayNov 3, 2026+629 d

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2024-26158308 days apartMicrosoft Install Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2023-35633427 days apartWindows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2025-2120456 days apartWindows Process Activation Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    33Monitor
  • CVE-2025-214200 days apartWindows Disk Cleanup Tool Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    32Monitor
  • CVE-2025-213730 days apartWindows Installer Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    31Monitor
  • CVE-2025-2772756 days apartWindows Installer Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
    31Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-59 · Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (1 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records