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NVD / CVE Program· CNA PostgreSQL

CVE-2025-1094: PostgreSQL quoting APIs miss neutralizing quoting syntax in text that fails encoding validation

Noroxi assessment

Priority: This week (action score 60/100)

  • A ready-made attack module is public (Metasploit); exploiting it takes no special expertise.
  • A ready-made attack tool exists and the flaw can be exploited over the network without an account, so priority is at least “This week”.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 90% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 99.7% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.
  • Fixed version: n/a PostgreSQL 13.19, 14.16, 15.11; azl3 postgresql 16.5-2 on Azure Linux 3.0 16.7-1; azl3 postgresql 16.7-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 16.7-1.

Don’t wait for the next maintenance window. Upgrade to n/a PostgreSQL 13.19, 14.16, 15.11; azl3 postgresql 16.5-2 on Azure Linux 3.0 16.7-1; azl3 postgresql 16.7-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 16.7-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Improper neutralization of quoting syntax in PostgreSQL libpq functions PQescapeLiteral(), PQescapeIdentifier(), PQescapeString(), and PQescapeStringConn() allows a database input provider to achieve SQL injection in certain usage patterns. Specifically, SQL injection requires the application to use the function result to construct input to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. Similarly, improper neutralization of quoting syntax in PostgreSQL command line utility programs allows a source of command line arguments to achieve SQL injection when client_encoding is BIG5 and server_encoding is one of EUC_TW or MULE_INTERNAL. Versions before PostgreSQL 17.3, 16.7, 15.11, 14.16, and 13.19 are affected.

HighCVSS 8.1 · v3.1—Weaponized Fix available
Published
Feb 13, 2025
Updated
Nov 3, 2026
EPSS
90.0% · 99th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

60

This week

Don’t wait for the next maintenance window.

CVSS
32 / 40 · 8.1 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
27 / 30 · 90.0%
Ready-made attack tool
1 / 60 · floor: at least 60

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · PostgreSQL
8.1
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

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  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Weaponized exploit exists
  • A fix has been released

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When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (PostgreSQL). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • n/a PostgreSQL

    • 17 and later · before 17.3affected · rpm
    • 16 and later · before 16.7affected · rpm
    • 15 and later · before 15.11affected · rpm
    • 14 and later · before 14.16affected · rpm
    • before 13.19affected · rpm

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:8libpqbefore 13.20-1.el8_1013.20-1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8libpq-develbefore 13.20-1.el8_1013.20-1.el8_10
AlmaLinux:8pg_repackbefore 1.4.6-3.module_el8.9.0+3704+f1f917ce1.4.6-3.module_el8.9.0+3704+f1f917ce
AlmaLinux:8pg_repackbefore 1.4.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f1.4.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f
AlmaLinux:8pg_repackbefore 1.4.6-3.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec941.4.6-3.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94
AlmaLinux:8pg_repackbefore 1.5.1-1.module_el8.10.0+3930+ecf335541.5.1-1.module_el8.10.0+3930+ecf33554
AlmaLinux:8pg_repackbefore 1.4.8-1.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e1.4.8-1.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 1.7.0-1.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e1.7.0-1.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 1.5.0-1.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec941.5.0-1.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 16.0-1.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f16.0-1.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 1.5.0-1.module_el8.6.0+3095+ee60d9101.5.0-1.module_el8.6.0+3095+ee60d910
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 1.4.0-7.module_el8.10.0+3889+48cb11fb.alma.11.4.0-7.module_el8.10.0+3889+48cb11fb.alma.1
AlmaLinux:8pgauditbefore 1.4.0-7.module_el8.9.0+3740+0e74851f.alma.11.4.0-7.module_el8.9.0+3740+0e74851f.alma.1
AlmaLinux:8postgres-decoderbufsbefore 0.10.0-2.module_el8.9.0+3704+f1f917ce0.10.0-2.module_el8.9.0+3704+f1f917ce
AlmaLinux:8postgres-decoderbufsbefore 1.9.7-1.Final.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e1.9.7-1.Final.module_el8.9.0+3706+885c732e
AlmaLinux:8postgres-decoderbufsbefore 0.10.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec940.10.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94
AlmaLinux:8postgres-decoderbufsbefore 0.10.0-2.module_el8.6.0+3095+ee60d9100.10.0-2.module_el8.6.0+3095+ee60d910
AlmaLinux:8postgres-decoderbufsbefore 2.4.0-1.Final.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f2.4.0-1.Final.module_el8.10.0+3798+606ebb9f
AlmaLinux:8postgresqlbefore 15.12-1.module_el8.10.0+3968+5ca3d05a15.12-1.module_el8.10.0+3968+5ca3d05a
AlmaLinux:8postgresqlbefore 12.22-3.module_el8.10.0+3971+15b8130512.22-3.module_el8.10.0+3971+15b81305
AlmaLinux:8postgresqlbefore 16.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3969+2c3c935316.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3969+2c3c9353
AlmaLinux:8postgresqlbefore 13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a
AlmaLinux:8postgresql-contribbefore 15.12-1.module_el8.10.0+3968+5ca3d05a15.12-1.module_el8.10.0+3968+5ca3d05a
AlmaLinux:8postgresql-contribbefore 16.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3969+2c3c935316.8-1.module_el8.10.0+3969+2c3c9353

+96

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
n/a PostgreSQL13.19Vendor (CNA)
n/a PostgreSQL14.16Vendor (CNA)
n/a PostgreSQL15.11Vendor (CNA)
n/a PostgreSQL16.7Vendor (CNA)
n/a PostgreSQL17.3Vendor (CNA)
azl3 postgresql 16.5-2 on Azure Linux 3.016.7-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 postgresql 16.7-1 on Azure Linux 3.016.7-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 postgresql 14.14-1 on CBL Mariner 2.014.16-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 postgresql 14.14-1 on CBL-Mariner 2.014.16-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 postgresql 14.16-1 on CBL Mariner 2.014.16-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
almalinux:pg_repack1.4.6-3.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:pgaudit1.5.0-1.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgres-decoderbufs0.10.0-2.module_el8.6.0+2760+1746ec94 · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-contrib13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-docs13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-plperl13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-plpython313.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-pltcl13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-server13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-server-devel13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:postgresql-static13.20-1.module_el8.10.0+3967+334cd65a · AlmaLinux:8Package registry (OSV)
alpine:postgresql1313.20-r0 · Alpine:v3.18Package registry (OSV)
alpine:postgresql1414.17-r0 · Alpine:v3.18Package registry (OSV)
alpine:postgresql1515.11-r0 · Alpine:v3.18Package registry (OSV)
alpine:postgresql1616.8-r0 · Alpine:v3.19Package registry (OSV)
alpine:postgresql1717.4-r0 · Alpine:v3.21Package registry (OSV)
debian:postgresql-1313.19-0+deb11u1 · Debian:11Package registry (OSV)
debian:postgresql-1515.11-0+deb12u1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
debian:postgresql-1717.3-1 · Debian:13Package registry (OSV)

+29

Exploit status

Weaponized

A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.

Evidence

  • Metasploit module ×1
  • Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×6

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Metasploit moduleexploit/linux/http/beyondtrust_pra_rs_unauth_rceBeyondTrust Privileged Remote Access (PRA) and Remote Support (RS) unauthenticated Remote Code Executionexploit2024-12-16
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:392025-02-27
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:62025-03-14
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:12025-06-18
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02025-10-19
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02026-05-10
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:22026-09-04

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. Metasploit-60 d
  2. Published
  3. First PoC+13 d
  4. TodayNov 7, 2026+632 d

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
High
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-149 · Improper Neutralization of Quoting Syntax

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

ATT&CK techniques

—

Change log

  1. SSVC exploitationpoc → none
  2. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (5 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records