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CVE-2025-0690· NVD / CVE Program· CNA redhat

Grub2: read: integer overflow may lead to out-of-bounds write

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 24/100)

  • Public proof-of-concept code exists (GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.71% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 53.2% of all records.
  • Physical access to the device is required. Administrator privileges are required. A user must open a link or visit a page. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: azl3 grub2 2.06-24 on Azure Linux 3.0 2.06-25; azl3 grub2 2.06-25 on Azure Linux 3.0 2.06-25; cbl2 grub2 2.06-14 on CBL Mariner 2.0 2.06-15.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to azl3 grub2 2.06-24 on Azure Linux 3.0 2.06-25; azl3 grub2 2.06-25 on Azure Linux 3.0 2.06-25; cbl2 grub2 2.06-14 on CBL Mariner 2.0 2.06-15 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

The read command is used to read the keyboard input from the user, while reads it keeps the input length in a 32-bit integer value which is further used to reallocate the line buffer to accept the next character. During this process, with a line big enough it's possible to make this variable to overflow leading to a out-of-bounds write in the heap based buffer. This flaw may be leveraged to corrupt grub's internal critical data and secure boot bypass is not discarded as consequence.

MediumCVSS 6.1 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available
Published
Feb 24, 2025
Updated
Oct 21, 2026
EPSS
0.7% · 53th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

24

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
24 / 40 · 6.1 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.7%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · redhat
6.1
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-0690

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (redhat). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10

    • all versionsunknown

  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

    • all versionsunknown

  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

    • all versionsunknown

  • Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

    • 1:2.06-104.el9_6 and laternot affected · rpm

  • Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4

    • all versionsaffected

  • www.gnu.org/software/grub/ grub2

    • up to and including 2.12affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:9grub2-commonbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-aa64before 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-aa64-cdbootbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-aa64-modulesbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-x64before 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-x64-cdbootbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-efi-x64-modulesbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-pcbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-pc-modulesbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-ppc64lebefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-ppc64le-modulesbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-toolsbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-tools-efibefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-tools-extrabefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
AlmaLinux:9grub2-tools-minimalbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.11:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1
Debian:12grub2before 2.06-13+deb12u22.06-13+deb12u2
Debian:13grub2before 2.12-62.12-6
openSUSE:Tumbleweedgrub2before 2.12-35.12.12-35.1
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2before 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2-commonbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2-debuginfobefore 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2-debugsourcebefore 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2-efi-aa64before 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6
Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosgrub2-efi-aa64-cdbootbefore 1:2.06-104.el9_61:2.06-104.el9_6

+22

Same product

red hat: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2024-6409Openssh: possible remote code execution due to a race condition in signal handling affecting red hat enterprise linux 9
    36Monitor
  • CVE-2026-75092Leapp-repository: leapp-upgrade-el9toel10: leapp-upgrade-el9toel10: scan_mysql runs mysqld --validate-config as root and can load mysql-writable plugins
    29Monitor
  • CVE-2026-92925Redis: redis: out-of-bounds read via crafted cluster bus packets
    28Monitor

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2024-45775Feb 18, 2025 · Grub2: commands/extcmd: missing check for failed allocation
    20Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2024-45783Feb 18, 2025 · Grub2: fs/hfs+: refcount can be decremented twice
    17Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2025-4878Jul 22, 2025 · Libssh: use of uninitialized variable in privatekey_from_file()
    14Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
azl3 grub2 2.06-24 on Azure Linux 3.02.06-25 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 grub2 2.06-25 on Azure Linux 3.02.06-25 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 grub2 2.06-14 on CBL Mariner 2.02.06-15 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 grub2 2.06-15 on CBL Mariner 2.02.06-15 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
cbl2 grub2 2.06-15 on CBL-Mariner 2.02.06-15 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
almalinux:grub2-common1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-aa641:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-aa64-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-x641:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-x64-cdboot1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-efi-x64-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-pc1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-pc-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-ppc64le1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-ppc64le-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:grub2-tools1:2.06-104.el9_6.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
debian:grub22.06-13+deb12u2 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:grub22.12-35.1 · openSUSE:TumbleweedPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub21:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-common1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-debuginfo1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-debugsource1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-aa641:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-aa64-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-x641:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-x64-cdboot1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-efi-x64-modules1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:grub2-emu-debuginfo1:2.06-104.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::baseosPackage registry (OSV)

+3

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

  • Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×1

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02026-05-04

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. Published
  2. First PoC+434 d
  3. TodayOct 23, 2026+607 d
EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2024-457746 days apartGrub2: reader/jpeg: heap oob write during jpeg parsing
    26Monitor
  • CVE-2025-4877177 days apartLibssh: write beyond bounds in binary to base64 conversion functions
    18Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Physical access to the device is required.
  • Administrator privileges are required.
  • A user must open a link or visit a page.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Physical
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
High
User interaction
Required
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-787 · Out-of-bounds Write

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (3 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records