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NVD / CVE Program· CNA GitHub_M

CVE-2023-25577: Werkzeug may allow high resource usage when parsing multipart form data with many fields

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 30/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 1.4% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 72.9% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
  • Fixed version: python-werkzeug (Debian:10) 0.14.1+dfsg1-4+deb10u2; python-werkzeug (Debian:11) 1.0.1+dfsg1-2+deb11u1; python-werkzeug (Debian:12) 2.2.2-3.
  • Mentioned 1 time in Turkish national cyber security advisories (siberguvenlik.gov.tr).

Low priority for now. Upgrade to python-werkzeug (Debian:10) 0.14.1+dfsg1-4+deb10u2; python-werkzeug (Debian:11) 1.0.1+dfsg1-2+deb11u1; python-werkzeug (Debian:12) 2.2.2-3 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. Prior to version 2.2.3, Werkzeug's multipart form data parser will parse an unlimited number of parts, including file parts. Parts can be a small amount of bytes, but each requires CPU time to parse and may use more memory as Python data. If a request can be made to an endpoint that accesses `request.data`, `request.form`, `request.files`, or `request.get_data(parse_form_data=False)`, it can cause unexpectedly high resource usage. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests. The amount of RAM required can trigger an out of memory kill of the process. Unlimited file parts can use up memory and file handles. If many concurrent requests are sent continuously, this can exhaust or kill all available workers. Version 2.2.3 contains a patch for this issue.

HighCVSS 7.5 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Feb 14, 2023
Updated
Jun 17, 2026
EPSS
1.4% · 72th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

30

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
30 / 40 · 7.5 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 1.4%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
7.5
CNA · GitHub_M
7.5
agree

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2023-25577

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
palletsprojectswerkzeug

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • palletsprojects werkzeugbefore 2.2.3

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (GitHub_M). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • pallets werkzeug

    • < 2.2.3affected

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:10python-werkzeugbefore 0.14.1+dfsg1-4+deb10u20.14.1+dfsg1-4+deb10u2
Debian:11python-werkzeugbefore 1.0.1+dfsg1-2+deb11u11.0.1+dfsg1-2+deb11u1
Debian:12python-werkzeugbefore 2.2.2-32.2.2-3
openSUSE:Leap 15.4python-Werkzeugbefore 1.0.1-150300.3.3.11.0.1-150300.3.3.1
openSUSE:Leap 15.4python-Werkzeug-docbefore 0.14.1-150100.6.6.10.14.1-150100.6.6.1
openSUSE:Tumbleweedpython-Werkzeugbefore 3.1.9-1.13.1.9-1.1
openSUSE:Tumbleweedpython-Werkzeugbefore 2.2.3-1.12.2.3-1.1
PyPIwerkzeugbefore 2.2.32.2.3
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8cephbefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-basebefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-base-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-commonbefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-common-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-debugsourcebefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-exporter-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-fusebefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-fuse-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-immutable-object-cachebefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-immutable-object-cache-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-mds-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-mgr-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-mibbefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp
Red Hat:ceph_storage:7.1::el8ceph-mon-debuginfobefore 2:18.2.1-329.el8cp2:18.2.1-329.el8cp

+96

Same product

palletsprojects: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2024-34069Werkzeug's improper usage of a pathname and improper CSRF protection results in the remote command execution
    60This week
  • CVE-2019-14322In Pallets Werkzeug before 0.15.5, SharedDataMiddleware mishandles drive names (such as C:) in Windows pathnames.
    47Plan
  • CVE-2022-29361Improper parsing of HTTP requests in Pallets Werkzeug v2.1.0 and below allows attackers to perform HTTP Request Smuggling using a crafted HT
    41Plan

Published before and after this one in the same product

  • ← EarlierCVE-2020-28724Nov 18, 2020 · Open redirect vulnerability in werkzeug before 0.11.6 via a double slash in the URL.
    25Monitor
  • ← EarlierCVE-2023-23934Feb 14, 2023 · Wrkzeug's incorrect parsing of nameless cookies leads to __Host- cookies bypass
    14Monitor
  • Later →CVE-2023-46136Oct 25, 2023 · Werkzeug vulnerable to high resource usage when parsing multipart/form-data containing a large part with CR/LF character at the beginning
    30Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
debian:python-werkzeug2.2.2-3 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:python-Werkzeug1.0.1-150300.3.3.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.4Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:python-Werkzeug-doc0.14.1-150100.6.6.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.4Package registry (OSV)
PyPI:werkzeug2.2.3Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah1:1.29.1-1.rhaos4.13.el9 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah-debuginfo1:1.29.1-1.rhaos4.13.el9 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah-debugsource1:1.29.1-1.rhaos4.13.el9 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah-tests1:1.29.1-1.rhaos4.13.el9 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:buildah-tests-debuginfo1:1.29.1-1.rhaos4.13.el9 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:openshift0:4.13.0-202304211155.p0.gb404935.assembly.stream.el8 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el8Package registry (OSV)
red hat:openshift-clients0:4.13.0-202303241616.p0.g92b1a3d.assembly.stream.el8 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el8Package registry (OSV)
red hat:openshift-hyperkube0:4.13.0-202304211155.p0.gb404935.assembly.stream.el8 · Red Hat:openshift:4.13::el8Package registry (OSV)
red hat:python-werkzeug0:2.0.3-4.el9 · Red Hat:openshift_ironic:4.12::el9Package registry (OSV)
red hat:python2-werkzeug0:0.14.1-3.1.el7ost · Red Hat:openstack:13::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:python2-werkzeug-doc0:0.14.1-3.1.el7ost · Red Hat:openstack:13::el7Package registry (OSV)
red hat:python3-werkzeug0:2.0.3-4.el9 · Red Hat:openshift_ironic:4.12::el9Package registry (OSV)
suse:openstack-heat11.0.4~dev4-3.24.4 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:openstack-heat-doc9.0.8~dev22-3.30.3 · SUSE:HPE Helion OpenStack 8Package registry (OSV)
suse:openstack-swift2.19.3~dev3-3.6.3 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:python-Werkzeug0.14.1-150100.6.6.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1-LTSSPackage registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-designate7.0.2~dev2-3.41.2 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-heat11.0.4~dev4-3.43.2 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-keystone14.2.1~dev9-3.42.2 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-magnum7.2.1~dev1-4.41.3 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-octavia3.2.3~dev7-4.41.2 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-sahara9.0.2~dev15-3.41.2 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)
suse:venv-openstack-swift2.19.3~dev3-2.36.3 · SUSE:OpenStack Cloud 9Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

No history yet (it accumulates with the daily EPSS job).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

National notice (Türkiye Cybersecurity Directorate / USOM)

Official security notices citing this record; remediation advice is on the agency's page.

All national notices →

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
none
Integrity
none
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
None
Integrity impact
None
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-770 · Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

nvd-primary

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Show all references (4 more)

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records