Apache Commons BeanUtils, as distributed in lib/commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar in Apache Struts 1.x through 1.3.10 and in other products requir
Noroxi assessment
Priority: This week (action score 60/100)
- A ready-made attack module is public (Metasploit); exploiting it takes no special expertise.
- Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 99% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 99.9% of all records.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
- According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
- Fixed version: commons-beanutils (Debian:12) 1.9.2-1; libstruts1.2-java (Debian:6.0) 1.2.9-4+deb6u1; libstruts1.2-java (Debian:7) 1.2.9-5+deb7u1.
Don’t wait for the next maintenance window. Upgrade to commons-beanutils (Debian:12) 1.9.2-1; libstruts1.2-java (Debian:6.0) 1.2.9-4+deb6u1; libstruts1.2-java (Debian:7) 1.2.9-5+deb7u1 or later.
Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it
Primary sources: NVD · CVE.org · FIRST EPSS
Apache Commons BeanUtils, as distributed in lib/commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar in Apache Struts 1.x through 1.3.10 and in other products requiring commons-beanutils through 1.9.2, does not suppress the class property, which allows remote attackers to "manipulate" the ClassLoader and execute arbitrary code via the class parameter, as demonstrated by the passing of this parameter to the getClass method of the ActionForm object in Struts 1.
- Published
- Apr 30, 2014
- Updated
- Oct 14, 2026
- EPSS
- 99.0% · 100th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-20
Report tools
Action score
60
This week
Don’t wait for the next maintenance window.
- CVSS
- 30 / 40 · 7.5 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 30 / 30 · 99.0%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- none
- Automatable
- yes
- Technical impact
- total
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
Get told when this record changes
- Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
- Weaponized exploit exists
- A fix has been released
If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.
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Noroxi analysis
What does it mean in your environment?
The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.
We use this product, ask for helpAffected systems
Is your version affected?
Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| apache | commons beanutils | cpe:2.3:a:apache:commons_beanutils |
| apache | struts | cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- apache commons beanutilsup to 1.9.1 inclusive
- apache struts1.0
- apache struts1.0.2
- apache struts1.1
- apache struts1.2.2
- apache struts1.2.4
- apache struts1.2.6
- apache struts1.2.7
- apache struts1.2.8
- apache struts1.2.9
- apache struts1.3.10
- apache struts1.3.5
- apache struts1.3.8
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:12 | commons-beanutils | before 1.9.2-1 | 1.9.2-1 |
| Debian:6.0 | libstruts1.2-java | before 1.2.9-4+deb6u1 | 1.2.9-4+deb6u1 |
| Debian:7 | libstruts1.2-java | before 1.2.9-5+deb7u1 | 1.2.9-5+deb7u1 |
| Maven | commons-beanutils:commons-beanutils | from 1.8.0 · before 1.9.4 | 1.9.4 |
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | apache-commons-beanutils | before 1.9.4-3.7 | 1.9.4-3.7 |
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | apache-commons-validator | before 1.10.1-1.1 | 1.10.1-1.1 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | struts | before 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | struts-debuginfo | before 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | struts-javadoc | before 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | struts-manual | before 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | struts-webapps-tomcat5 | before 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 |
| Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | struts | before 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 |
| Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | struts-core | before 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 |
| Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | struts-extras | before 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 |
| Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | struts-taglib | before 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 |
| Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | struts-tiles | before 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS | apache-commons-beanutils | before 1.11.0-7.3.1 | 1.11.0-7.3.1 |
Same product
apache: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2019-10086In Apache Commons Beanutils 1.9.2, a special BeanIntrospector class was added which allows suppressing the ability for an attacker to access38Monitor
- CVE-2025-48734Apache Commons BeanUtils: PropertyUtilsBean does not suppresses an enum's declaredClass property by default36Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| debian:commons-beanutils | 1.9.2-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:libstruts1.2-java | 1.2.9-4+deb6u1 · Debian:6.0 | Package registry (OSV) |
| Maven:commons-beanutils:commons-beanutils | 1.9.4 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:apache-commons-beanutils | 1.9.4-3.7 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:apache-commons-validator | 1.10.1-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-core | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 · Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-debuginfo | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-extras | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 · Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-javadoc | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-manual | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-taglib | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 · Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-tiles | 0:1.3.10-6.ep5.el6 · Red Hat:network_satellite:5.5::el6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:struts-webapps-tomcat5 | 0:1.2.9-4jpp.8.el5_10 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:apache-commons-beanutils | 1.11.0-7.3.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
Weaponized
A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.
Evidence
- Metasploit module ×1
- Exploit-DB entry ×1
- Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×3
Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.
| Source | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2014-03-06 |
| Metasploit module | exploit/multi/http/struts_code_exec_classloaderApache Struts ClassLoader Manipulation Remote Code Executionexploit | 2014-03-06 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:12 | 2014-05-22 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:1 | 2014-06-10 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:2 | 2019-05-27 |
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- First PoC-55 d
- Metasploit-55 d
- Published
- TodayOct 15, 2026+4551 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- P · data can be read
- Integrity
- P · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- P · the service can be disrupted
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Confidentiality impact
- P
- Integrity impact
- P
- Availability impact
- P
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-20 · Improper Input ValidationCVSS vector
AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P
nvd-primary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Server Side Include (SSI) InjectionCAPEC-101likelihood: High · High
- Cross Zone ScriptingCAPEC-104likelihood: Medium · High
- Command Line Execution through SQL InjectionCAPEC-108likelihood: Low · Very High
- Object Relational Mapping InjectionCAPEC-109likelihood: Low · High
- SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter TamperingCAPEC-110likelihood: High · Very High
- Double EncodingCAPEC-120likelihood: Low · Medium
- Subverting Environment Variable ValuesCAPEC-13likelihood: High · Very High
ATT&CK techniques
- Obfuscated Files or InformationT1027
- Masquerading: Invalid Code SignatureT1036.001
- Steal Web Session CookieT1539
- Subvert Trust Controls: Code SigningT1553.002
- Impair Defenses:Impair Command History LoggingT1562.003
- Hijack Execution Flow:Dynamic Linker HijackingT1574.006
- Hijack Execution Flow:Path Interception by PATH Environment VariableT1574.007
Change log
- SSVC exploitation— → none
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
Show all references (19 more)Show less
- apache-ignite-developers.2346864.n4.nabble.com/CVE-2014-0114-Apache-Ignite-is-vulnerable-to-existing-CVE-2014-0114-td31205.html
- commons.apache.org/proper/commons-beanutils/javadocs/v1.9.2/RELEASE-NOTES.txt
- lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2014-August/136958.html
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=140119284401582&w=2
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=140801096002766&w=2
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=141451023707502&w=2
- openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/06/15/10
- openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/07/08/1
- seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Dec/23
- secunia.com/advisories/57477
- secunia.com/advisories/58710
- secunia.com/advisories/58851
- secunia.com/advisories/58947
- secunia.com/advisories/59014
- secunia.com/advisories/59118
- secunia.com/advisories/59228
- secunia.com/advisories/59245
- secunia.com/advisories/59246
- secunia.com/advisories/59430
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.