The DNS protocol, as implemented in (1) BIND 8 and 9 before 9.5.0-P1, 9.4.2-P1, and 9.3.5-P1; (2) Microsoft DNS in Windows 2000 SP4, XP SP2
The DNS protocol, as implemented in (1) BIND 8 and 9 before 9.5.0-P1, 9.4.2-P1, and 9.3.5-P1; (2) Microsoft DNS in Windows 2000 SP4, XP SP2 and SP3, and Server 2003 SP1 and SP2; and other implementations allow remote attackers to spoof DNS traffic via a birthday attack that uses in-bailiwick referrals to conduct cache poisoning against recursive resolvers, related to insufficient randomness of DNS transaction IDs and source ports, aka "DNS Insufficient Socket Entropy Vulnerability" or "the Kaminsky bug."
- Published
- Jul 8, 2008
- Updated
- Jun 16, 2026
- EPSS
- 95.2% · 100th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-331
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Report tools
Action score
56
Plan
Add it to your regular patch cycle.
- CVSS
- 27 / 40 · 6.8 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 29 / 30 · 95.2%
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| microsoft | windows 2000 | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_2000 |
| microsoft | windows server 2003 | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2003 |
| microsoft | windows xp | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_xp |
| canonical | ubuntu linux | cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux |
| cisco | ios | cpe:2.3:o:cisco:ios |
| debian | debian linux | cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux |
| redhat | enterprise linux | cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux |
| isc | bind | cpe:2.3:a:isc:bind |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- isc bind4
- isc bind8
- isc bind9.2.9
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:12 | adns | before 1.4-2 | 1.4-2 |
| Debian:12 | bind9 | before 1:9.5.0.dfsg-5 | 1:9.5.0.dfsg-5 |
| Debian:12 | dnsmasq | before 2.43-1 | 2.43-1 |
| Debian:12 | dnspython | before 1.7.1-1 | 1.7.1-1 |
| Debian:12 | libnet-dns-perl | before 0.63-2 | 0.63-2 |
| Debian:12 | refpolicy | before 2:0.0.20080702-1 | 2:0.0.20080702-1 |
| Debian:12 | udns | before 0.2-1 | 0.2-1 |
| Debian:4.0 | bind9 | before 1:9.3.4-2etch3 | 1:9.3.4-2etch3 |
| Debian:4.0 | dnsmasq | before 2.35-1+etch4 | 2.35-1+etch4 |
| Debian:4.0 | python-dns | before 2.3.0-5.2+etch1 | 2.3.0-5.2+etch1 |
| Debian:4.0 | refpolicy | before 0.0.20061018-5.1+etch1 | 0.0.20061018-5.1+etch1 |
| Debian:5.0 | bind9 | before 1:9.4.2-10+lenny1 | 1:9.4.2-10+lenny1 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | bind | before 0:9.2.1-10.el2 | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | bind-devel | before 0:9.2.1-10.el2 | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | bind-utils | before 0:9.2.1-10.el2 | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind-chroot | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind-debuginfo | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind-devel | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind-libs | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | bind-utils | before 20:9.2.4-22.el3 | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:4::as | bind | before 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 | 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:4::as | bind-chroot | before 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 | 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 |
| Red Hat:enterprise_linux:4::as | bind-debuginfo | before 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 | 20:9.2.4-28.0.1.el4 |
+21
Same product
microsoft: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2008-4250The Server service in Microsoft Windows 2000 SP4, XP SP2 and SP3, Server 2003 SP1 and SP2, Vista Gold and SP1, Server 2008, and 7 Pre-Beta aKEV99Now
- CVE-2010-0232The kernel in Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 through Windows 7, including Windows 2000 SP4, Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, WindoKEV70This week
- CVE-2005-1983Stack-based buffer overflow in the Plug and Play (PnP) service for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP Service Pack 1 allows remote attack68This week
- CVE-2001-0241Buffer overflow in Internet Printing ISAPI extension in Windows 2000 allows remote attackers to gain root privileges via a long print reques66This week
- CVE-2006-3439Buffer overflow in the Server Service in Microsoft Windows 2000 SP4, XP SP1 and SP2, and Server 2003 SP1 allows remote attackers, including 65This week
- CVE-2006-4691Stack-based buffer overflow in the NetpManageIPCConnect function in the Workstation service (wkssvc.dll) in Microsoft Windows 2000 SP4 and X64This week
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| debian:adns | 1.4-2 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:bind9 | 1:9.5.0.dfsg-5 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:dnsmasq | 2.43-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:dnspython | 1.7.1-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:libnet-dns-perl | 0.63-2 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:python-dns | 2.3.0-5.2+etch1 · Debian:4.0 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:refpolicy | 2:0.0.20080702-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:udns | 0.2-1 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-chroot | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-debuginfo | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-devel | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-libbind-devel | 30:9.3.4-6.0.2.P1.el5_2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-libs | 20:9.2.4-22.el3 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:3::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-sdb | 30:9.3.4-6.0.2.P1.el5_2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:bind-utils | 0:9.2.1-10.el2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:2.1::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:caching-nameserver | 30:9.3.4-6.0.2.P1.el5_2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client_workstation | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:selinux-policy | 0:2.4.6-137.1.el5_2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:5::client | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:selinux-policy-targeted | 0:1.17.30-2.150.el4 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:4::as | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:selinux-policy-targeted-sources | 0:1.17.30-2.150.el4 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:4::as | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
Weaponized
A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.
Evidence
- Metasploit module ×2
- Exploit-DB entry ×3
- Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×1
Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.
| Source | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2008-07-23 |
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2008-07-25 |
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2008-07-24 |
| Metasploit module | auxiliary/spoof/dns/bailiwicked_domainDNS BailiWicked Domain Attackauxiliary | 2008-07-21 |
| Metasploit module | auxiliary/spoof/dns/bailiwicked_hostDNS BailiWicked Host Attackauxiliary | 2008-07-21 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:1 | 2025-08-22 |
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- Published
- Metasploit+12 d
- First PoC+14 d
- TodaySep 30, 2026+6658 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No user action is required.
- Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- none
- Integrity
- high · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- none
Impact can extend beyond the vulnerable component (scope changes).
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- High
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Changed
- Confidentiality impact
- None
- Integrity impact
- High
- Availability impact
- None
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-331 · Insufficient EntropyCVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
nvd-primary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
ATT&CK techniques
—
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for all 385,000+ vulnerabilities; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for helpChange log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
- ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2008-009.txt.asc
- blog.invisibledenizen.org/2008/07/kaminskys-dns-issue-accidentally-leaked.html
- bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=494401
- h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=c01523520
- h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=c01662368
- lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce//2008/Jul/msg00003.html
- lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce//2008/Sep/msg00003.html
- lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce//2008/Sep/msg00004.html
- lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce//2008/Sep/msg00005.html
- lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2008-August/064118.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2008-07/msg00003.html
- lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2008-08/msg00006.html
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=121630706004256&w=2
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=121866517322103&w=2
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=123324863916385&w=2
- marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=141879471518471&w=2
- rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2008-0533.html
- secunia.com/advisories/30925
- secunia.com/advisories/30973
- secunia.com/advisories/30977
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.