The Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Protocol allows remote attackers (from the client side) to send arbitrary numbers that are actually not pub
The Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Protocol allows remote attackers (from the client side) to send arbitrary numbers that are actually not public keys, and trigger expensive server-side DHE modular-exponentiation calculations, aka a D(HE)at or D(HE)ater attack. The client needs very little CPU resources and network bandwidth. The attack may be more disruptive in cases where a client can require a server to select its largest supported key size. The basic attack scenario is that the client must claim that it can only communicate with DHE, and the server must be configured to allow DHE.
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
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We use this product, ask for help- Published
- Nov 11, 2021
- Updated
- Sep 23, 2026
- EPSS
- 24.6% · 98th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-400
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Report tools
Action score
37
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 30 / 40 · 7.5 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 7 / 30 · 24.6%
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| balasys | dheater | cpe:2.3:a:balasys:dheater |
| siemens | scalance w1750d firmware | cpe:2.3:o:siemens:scalance_w1750d_firmware |
| siemens | scalance w1750d | cpe:2.3:h:siemens:scalance_w1750d |
| suse | linux enterprise server | cpe:2.3:o:suse:linux_enterprise_server |
| f5 | big-ip access policy manager | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_access_policy_manager |
| f5 | big-ip advanced firewall manager | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_advanced_firewall_manager |
| f5 | big-ip advanced web application firewall | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_advanced_web_application_firewall |
| f5 | big-ip analytics | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_analytics |
| f5 | big-ip application acceleration manager | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_application_acceleration_manager |
| f5 | big-ip application security manager | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_application_security_manager |
| f5 | big-ip application visibility and reporting | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_application_visibility_and_reporting |
| f5 | big-ip carrier-grade nat | cpe:2.3:a:f5:big-ip_carrier-grade_nat |
and 37 more
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- balasys dheaterall versions
- f5 big-ip access policy manager13.1.0 and later · before 16.1.4
- f5 big-ip access policy manager17.0.0 and later · before 17.1.0
- f5 big-ip advanced firewall manager13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip advanced firewall manager17.5.0
- f5 big-ip advanced web application firewall13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip advanced web application firewall17.5.0
- f5 big-ip analytics13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip analytics17.5.0
- f5 big-ip application acceleration manager13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip application acceleration manager17.5.0
- f5 big-ip application security manager13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip application security manager17.5.0
- f5 big-ip application visibility and reporting13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip application visibility and reporting17.5.0
- f5 big-ip carrier-grade nat13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip carrier-grade nat17.5.0
- f5 big-ip ddos hybrid defender13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
- f5 big-ip ddos hybrid defender17.5.0
- f5 big-ip domain name system13.1.0 and later · up to 17.1.2 inclusive
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | openssl-1_1 | before 1.1.1m-4.1 | 1.1.1m-4.1 |
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | ssh-audit | before 3.2.0-1.1 | 3.2.0-1.1 |
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| opensuse:openssl-1_1 | 1.1.1m-4.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:ssh-audit | 3.2.0-1.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
Proof of concept available
A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.
Evidence
- Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×2
Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.
| Source | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:221 | 2021-08-31 |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:0 | 2025-07-28 |
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- First PoC-73 d
- Published
- TodaySep 30, 2026+1784 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
The product’s vendor appears in a public program. Matched by name; verify the scope text in the program.
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- none
- Integrity
- none
- Availability
- high · the service can be disrupted
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Unchanged
- Confidentiality impact
- None
- Integrity impact
- None
- Availability impact
- High
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-400 · Uncontrolled Resource ConsumptionCVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
nvd-primary
Root cause
Code that parses nested structures sets no depth or size limit. A small input can turn into a disproportionate processing load.
The bug in code
The whole CWE-400 classA representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.
Vulnerable
function expand(node) { return node.children.map(expand);}Fixed
const MAX_DEPTH = 32;function expand(node, depth = 0) { if (depth > MAX_DEPTH) throw new Error("too deep"); return node.children.map((c) => expand(c, depth + 1));}Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Change log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
- cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-506569.pdf
- dheatattack.com
- dheatattack.gitlab.io/
- github.com/Balasys/dheater
- github.com/mozilla/ssl-config-generator/issues/162
- gitlab.com/dheatattack/dheater
- ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10374117
- support.f5.com/csp/article/K83120834
- www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2022-004.txt
- www.openssl.org/blog/blog/2022/10/21/tls-groups-configuration/
- www.reddit.com/r/netsec/comments/qdoosy/server_overload_by_enforcing_dhe_key_exchange/
- www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000020510
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.