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CVE-2025-21867· NVD / CVE Program· CNA Linux

bpf, test_run: Fix use-after-free issue in eth_skb_pkt_type()

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 31/100)

  • The sources we track (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, Metasploit, Nuclei, GitHub) show no public exploit code or exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.20% (FIRST EPSS).
  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it. A low-privileged account is enough. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
  • Fixed version: Linux Linux 1a9e1284e87d59b1303b69d1808d310821d6e5f7, 6b3d638ca897e099fa99bd6d02189d3176f80a47, 972bafed67ca73ad9a56448384281eb5fd5c0ba3; azl3 kernel 6.6.78.1-3 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.82.1-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.82.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.82.1-1.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Linux Linux 1a9e1284e87d59b1303b69d1808d310821d6e5f7, 6b3d638ca897e099fa99bd6d02189d3176f80a47, 972bafed67ca73ad9a56448384281eb5fd5c0ba3; azl3 kernel 6.6.78.1-3 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.82.1-1; azl3 kernel 6.6.82.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.82.1-1 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf, test_run: Fix use-after-free issue in eth_skb_pkt_type() KMSAN reported a use-after-free issue in eth_skb_pkt_type()[1]. The cause of the issue was that eth_skb_pkt_type() accessed skb's data that didn't contain an Ethernet header. This occurs when bpf_prog_test_run_xdp() passes an invalid value as the user_data argument to bpf_test_init(). Fix this by returning an error when user_data is less than ETH_HLEN in bpf_test_init(). Additionally, remove the check for "if (user_size > size)" as it is unnecessary. [1] BUG: KMSAN: use-after-free in eth_skb_pkt_type include/linux/etherdevice.h:627 [inline] BUG: KMSAN: use-after-free in eth_type_trans+0x4ee/0x980 net/ethernet/eth.c:165 eth_skb_pkt_type include/linux/etherdevice.h:627 [inline] eth_type_trans+0x4ee/0x980 net/ethernet/eth.c:165 __xdp_build_skb_from_frame+0x5a8/0xa50 net/core/xdp.c:635 xdp_recv_frames net/bpf/test_run.c:272 [inline] xdp_test_run_batch net/bpf/test_run.c:361 [inline] bpf_test_run_xdp_live+0x2954/0x3330 net/bpf/test_run.c:390 bpf_prog_test_run_xdp+0x148e/0x1b10 net/bpf/test_run.c:1318 bpf_prog_test_run+0x5b7/0xa30 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:4371 __sys_bpf+0x6a6/0xe20 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5777 __do_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5866 [inline] __se_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5864 [inline] __x64_sys_bpf+0xa4/0xf0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5864 x64_sys_call+0x2ea0/0x3d90 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:322 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xd9/0x1d0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f Uninit was created at: free_pages_prepare mm/page_alloc.c:1056 [inline] free_unref_page+0x156/0x1320 mm/page_alloc.c:2657 __free_pages+0xa3/0x1b0 mm/page_alloc.c:4838 bpf_ringbuf_free kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c:226 [inline] ringbuf_map_free+0xff/0x1e0 kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c:235 bpf_map_free kernel/bpf/syscall.c:838 [inline] bpf_map_free_deferred+0x17c/0x310 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:862 process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3229 [inline] process_scheduled_works+0xa2b/0x1b60 kernel/workqueue.c:3310 worker_thread+0xedf/0x1550 kernel/workqueue.c:3391 kthread+0x535/0x6b0 kernel/kthread.c:389 ret_from_fork+0x6e/0x90 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244 CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 17276 Comm: syz.1.16450 Not tainted 6.12.0-05490-g9bb88c659673 #8 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.3-3.fc41 04/01/2014

HighCVSS 7.8 · v3.1—No exploit Fix available
Published
Mar 27, 2025
Updated
Sep 8, 2026
EPSS
0.2% · 10th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

31

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
31 / 40 · 7.8 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.2%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · Linux
7.8
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • No public exploit code on record
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-21867

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
linuxlinux kernel

Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • linux linux kernel5.18 and later · before 6.1.130
  • linux linux kernel6.2 and later · before 6.6.80
  • linux linux kernel6.7 and later · before 6.12.17
  • linux linux kernel6.13 and later · before 6.13.5
  • linux linux kernel6.14

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (Linux). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Linux Linux

    • 5.18affected
    • be3d72a2896cb24090f268dce4aa8a304d40bc23 and later · before f615fccfc689cb48977d275ac2e391297b52392baffected · git
    • be3d72a2896cb24090f268dce4aa8a304d40bc23 and later · before d56d8a23d95100b65f40438639dd82db2af81c11affected · git
    • be3d72a2896cb24090f268dce4aa8a304d40bc23 and later · before 972bafed67ca73ad9a56448384281eb5fd5c0ba3affected · git
    • be3d72a2896cb24090f268dce4aa8a304d40bc23 and later · before 1a9e1284e87d59b1303b69d1808d310821d6e5f7affected · git
    • be3d72a2896cb24090f268dce4aa8a304d40bc23 and later · before 6b3d638ca897e099fa99bd6d02189d3176f80a47affected · git
    • before 5.18not affected · semver
    • 6.1.130 and later · up to and including 6.1.*not affected · semver
    • 6.6.80 and later · up to and including 6.6.*not affected · semver
    • 6.12.17 and later · up to and including 6.12.*not affected · semver

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
AlmaLinux:10kernel-abi-stablelistsbefore 6.12.0-55.28.1.el10_06.12.0-55.28.1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:10kernel-docbefore 6.12.0-55.28.1.el10_06.12.0-55.28.1.el10_0
AlmaLinux:9kernelbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64kbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debugbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-develbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-devel-matchedbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-modulesbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-modules-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-debug-modules-extrabefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-develbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-devel-matchedbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-modulesbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-modules-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-64k-modules-extrabefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-abi-stablelistsbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-cross-headersbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-debugbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-debug-corebefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-debug-develbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6
AlmaLinux:9kernel-debug-devel-matchedbefore 5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_65.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6

+96

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Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Linux Linux1a9e1284e87d59b1303b69d1808d310821d6e5f7Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux6b3d638ca897e099fa99bd6d02189d3176f80a47Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linux972bafed67ca73ad9a56448384281eb5fd5c0ba3Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxd56d8a23d95100b65f40438639dd82db2af81c11Vendor (CNA)
Linux Linuxf615fccfc689cb48977d275ac2e391297b52392bVendor (CNA)
azl3 kernel 6.6.78.1-3 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.82.1-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
azl3 kernel 6.6.82.1-1 on Azure Linux 3.06.6.82.1-1 · CBL-Mariner ReleasesMicrosoft (MSRC)
almalinux:kernel5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-core5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-core5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-devel5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules-core5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-debug-modules-extra5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-devel5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
almalinux:kernel-64k-devel-matched5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · AlmaLinux:9Package registry (OSV)
debian:linux6.1.133-1 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-debuginfo0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-64k-devel-matched0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-debuginfo0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debug-devel-matched0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)
red hat:kernel-debuginfo0:5.14.0-570.35.1.el9_6 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:9::appstreamPackage registry (OSV)

+2

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

No nightly-computed relations.

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

c
free(dev->buf);/* ... another thread is still running ... */process(dev->buf);

Fixed

c
lock(&dev->lock);free(dev->buf);dev->buf = NULL;unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

All records