Unverified File Handles can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Erlang OTP ssh (ssh_sftp modules) allows Excessive Allocation, Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftpd.erl. This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 28.0.3, OTP 27.3.4.3 and OTP 26.2.5.15, corresponding to ssh from 3.0.1 before 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3 and 5.1.4.12.
- Published
- Sep 11, 2025
- Updated
- Jul 24, 2026
- EPSS
- 0.4% · 30th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-400
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Report tools
Action score
21
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 0 / 30 · 0.4%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- none
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- partial
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
CNA vs NVD score
- NVD
- —
- CNA · EEF
- 5.3
- NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for the hundreds of thousands of vulnerabilities in the database; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for helpAffected systems
—
Versions reported by the vendor
Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (EEF). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.
Erlang OTP
- 3.0.1 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3, 5.1.4.12
- 17.0 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 28.0.3, 27.3.4.3, 26.2.5.15
- 07b8f441ca711f9812fad9e9115bab3c3aa92f79 and lateraffected · gitfixed in 4e3bf86777ab3db7220c11d8ddabf15970ddd10a, f09e0201ff701993dc24a08f15e524daf72db42f
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:11 | erlang | before 1:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u3 | 1:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u3 |
| Debian:12 | erlang | before 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4 | 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4 |
| Debian:13 | erlang | before 1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u1 | 1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u1 |
| Debian:14 | erlang | before 1:27.3.4.3+dfsg-1 | 1:27.3.4.3+dfsg-1 |
| openSUSE:Leap 16.0 | erlang | before 27.1.3-160000.3.1 | 27.1.3-160000.3.1 |
| openSUSE:Tumbleweed | erlang27 | before 27.1.3-2.1 | 27.1.3-2.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | erlang | before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 | 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | erlang | before 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 | 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | erlang26 | before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 | 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | erlang26 | before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 | 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 |
| SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0 | erlang | before 27.1.3-160000.3.1 | 27.1.3-160000.3.1 |
Same product
erlang: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2026-89422TLS 1.3 client skips server authentication when ServerHello carries an unsolicited pre_shared_key extension37Monitor
- CVE-2026-74835inets,httpd: Memory Exhaustion via Unenforced max_body_size During Chunked Body Reception34Monitor
- CVE-2026-71380httpd applies no timeout while receiving a request body, parking a worker on a stalled client34Monitor
- CVE-2026-70399httpd does not enforce the documented default max_clients connection limit34Monitor
- CVE-2026-69664httpd parks a request worker indefinitely on a malformed chunk size sent after the headers34Monitor
- CVE-2026-73812inets, httpd: HTTP Request Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding and Content-Length33Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Erlang OTP | 26.2.5.15 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 27.3.4.3 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 28.0.3 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 4e3bf86777ab3db7220c11d8ddabf15970ddd10a | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 5.1.4.12 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 5.2.11.3 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | 5.3.3 | Vendor (CNA) |
| Erlang OTP | f09e0201ff701993dc24a08f15e524daf72db42f | Vendor (CNA) |
| debian:erlang | 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4 · Debian:12 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:erlang | 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:erlang26 | 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:erlang27 | 27.1.3-2.1 · openSUSE:Tumbleweed | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:erlang | 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | Package registry (OSV) |
| suse:erlang26 | 26.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7 | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
No known public exploit
No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
No dated events beyond publication.
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
- Jakub Witczakremediation developer
- Ingela Anderton Andinremediation reviewer
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
- CVE-2025-480410 days apartSSH_FXP_OPENDIR may Lead to Exhaustion of File Handles28Monitor
- CVE-2025-480400 days apartMalicious Key Exchange Messages may Lead to Excessive Resource Consumption27Monitor
- CVE-2025-480390 days apartUnverified Paths can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources21Monitor
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- A low-privileged account is enough.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- Low
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- X
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-400 · Uncontrolled Resource ConsumptionCVSS vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
nvd-secondary
Root cause
Code that parses nested structures sets no depth or size limit. A small input can turn into a disproportionate processing load.
The bug in code
The whole CWE-400 classA representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.
Vulnerable
function expand(node) { return node.children.map(expand);}Fixed
const MAX_DEPTH = 32;function expand(node, depth = 0) { if (depth > MAX_DEPTH) throw new Error("too deep"); return node.children.map((c) => expand(c, depth + 1));}Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Change log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
- cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48038.html
- github.com/erlang/otp/commit/4e3bf86777ab3db7220c11d8ddabf15970ddd10a
- github.com/erlang/otp/commit/f09e0201ff701993dc24a08f15e524daf72db42f
- github.com/erlang/otp/pull/10156
- github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-pvj7-9652-7h9r
- osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48038
- www.erlang.org/doc/system/versions.html#order-of-versions
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.