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CVE-2025-48038· NVD / CVE Program· CNA EEF

Unverified File Handles can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Erlang OTP ssh (ssh_sftp modules) allows Excessive Allocation, Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/ssh/src/ssh_sftpd.erl. This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 28.0.3, OTP 27.3.4.3 and OTP 26.2.5.15, corresponding to ssh from 3.0.1 before 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3 and 5.1.4.12.

MediumCVSS 5.3 · v4.0—No exploit Fix available
Published
Sep 11, 2025
Updated
Jul 24, 2026
EPSS
0.4% · 30th percentile
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Report tools

JSON

Action score

21

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
0 / 30 · 0.4%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · EEF
5.3
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Noroxi analysis

No Noroxi analysis for this record yet

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Affected systems

—

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (EEF). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Erlang OTP

    • 3.0.1 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 5.3.3, 5.2.11.3, 5.1.4.12
    • 17.0 and lateraffected · otpfixed in 28.0.3, 27.3.4.3, 26.2.5.15
    • 07b8f441ca711f9812fad9e9115bab3c3aa92f79 and lateraffected · gitfixed in 4e3bf86777ab3db7220c11d8ddabf15970ddd10a, f09e0201ff701993dc24a08f15e524daf72db42f

Package-level exposure

OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.

EcosystemPackageAffected rangeFix
Debian:11erlangbefore 1:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u31:23.2.6+dfsg-1+deb11u3
Debian:12erlangbefore 1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u41:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4
Debian:13erlangbefore 1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u11:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1+deb13u1
Debian:14erlangbefore 1:27.3.4.3+dfsg-11:27.3.4.3+dfsg-1
openSUSE:Leap 16.0erlangbefore 27.1.3-160000.3.127.1.3-160000.3.1
openSUSE:Tumbleweederlang27before 27.1.3-2.127.1.3-2.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7erlangbefore 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.123.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7erlangbefore 23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.123.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7erlang26before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.126.2.1-150300.7.22.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7erlang26before 26.2.1-150300.7.22.126.2.1-150300.7.22.1
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Server 16.0erlangbefore 27.1.3-160000.3.127.1.3-160000.3.1

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2026-89422TLS 1.3 client skips server authentication when ServerHello carries an unsolicited pre_shared_key extension
    37Monitor
  • CVE-2026-74835inets,httpd: Memory Exhaustion via Unenforced max_body_size During Chunked Body Reception
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2026-71380httpd applies no timeout while receiving a request body, parking a worker on a stalled client
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2026-70399httpd does not enforce the documented default max_clients connection limit
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2026-69664httpd parks a request worker indefinitely on a malformed chunk size sent after the headers
    34Monitor
  • CVE-2026-73812inets, httpd: HTTP Request Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding and Content-Length
    33Monitor

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Erlang OTP26.2.5.15Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP27.3.4.3Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP28.0.3Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP4e3bf86777ab3db7220c11d8ddabf15970ddd10aVendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP5.1.4.12Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP5.2.11.3Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTP5.3.3Vendor (CNA)
Erlang OTPf09e0201ff701993dc24a08f15e524daf72db42fVendor (CNA)
debian:erlang1:25.2.3+dfsg-1+deb12u4 · Debian:12Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang2626.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6Package registry (OSV)
opensuse:erlang2727.1.3-2.1 · openSUSE:TumbleweedPackage registry (OSV)
suse:erlang23.3.4.19-150300.3.29.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7Package registry (OSV)
suse:erlang2626.2.1-150300.7.22.1 · SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Server Applications 15 SP7Package registry (OSV)

Exploit status

No known public exploit

No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

No dated events beyond publication.

EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2025-480410 days apartSSH_FXP_OPENDIR may Lead to Exhaustion of File Handles
    28Monitor
  • CVE-2025-480400 days apartMalicious Key Exchange Messages may Lead to Excessive Resource Consumption
    27Monitor
  • CVE-2025-480390 days apartUnverified Paths can Cause Excessive Use of System Resources
    21Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • A low-privileged account is enough.
  • No user action is required.
  • No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.

If successful

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
X

CVSS vector

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

nvd-secondary

Root cause

Code that parses nested structures sets no depth or size limit. A small input can turn into a disproportionate processing load.

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

ts
function expand(node) {  return node.children.map(expand);}

Fixed

ts
const MAX_DEPTH = 32;function expand(node, depth = 0) {  if (depth > MAX_DEPTH) throw new Error("too deep");  return node.children.map((c) => expand(c, depth + 1));}

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

All records