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CVE-2025-27480· NVD / CVE Program· CNA microsoft

Windows Remote Desktop Services Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Noroxi assessment

Priority: Monitor (action score 36/100)

  • Public proof-of-concept code exists (GitHub); there is no record of exploitation in the wild.
  • Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 12.6% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 96.1% of all records.
  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.
  • Fixed version: Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.25423; Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.25423; Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.22523.

Low priority for now. Upgrade to Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.25423; Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.25423; Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.22523 or later.

Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it

Use after free in Remote Desktop Gateway Service allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

HighCVSS 8.1 · v3.1—Proof of concept Fix available
Published
Apr 8, 2025
Updated
Aug 10, 2026
EPSS
12.6% · 96th percentile

Report tools

JSON

Action score

36

Monitor

Low priority for now.

CVSS
32 / 40 · 8.1 / 10
CISA KEV
0 / 30 · Not listed
EPSS
4 / 30 · 12.6%

CISA SSVC decision

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total

Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.

CNA vs NVD score

NVD
—
CNA · microsoft
8.1
NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.

Get told when this record changes

  • Not in KEV: no record of exploitation in the wild
  • Proof of concept exists, no weaponized module
  • A fix has been released

If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.

Follow CVE-2025-27480

When you'll hear from us

  • when it enters CISA KEV
  • when exploit code appears or is weaponized
  • when the record is updated (including a fixed version)
  • when EPSS rises 20 points in a week

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Noroxi analysis

What does it mean in your environment?

The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.

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Affected systems

Is your version affected?

Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.

VendorProduct
microsoftwindows server 2012
microsoftwindows server 2016
microsoftwindows server 2019
microsoftwindows server 2022
microsoftwindows server 2022 23h2
microsoftwindows server 2025

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Affected versions

NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.

  • microsoft windows server 2012all versions
  • microsoft windows server 2012r2
  • microsoft windows server 2016before 10.0.14393.7969
  • microsoft windows server 2019before 10.0.17763.7136
  • microsoft windows server 2022before 10.0.20348.3453
  • microsoft windows server 2022 23h2before 10.0.25398.1551
  • microsoft windows server 2025before 10.0.26100.3775

Versions reported by the vendor

Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (microsoft). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2012

    • 6.2.9200.0 and later · before 6.2.9200.25423affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation)

    • 6.2.9200.0 and later · before 6.2.9200.25423affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2

    • 6.3.9600.0 and later · before 6.3.9600.22523affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation)

    • 6.3.9600.0 and later · before 6.3.9600.22523affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2016

    • 10.0.14393.0 and later · before 10.0.14393.7969affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)

    • 10.0.14393.0 and later · before 10.0.14393.7969affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2019

    • 10.0.17763.0 and later · before 10.0.17763.7136affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)

    • 10.0.17763.0 and later · before 10.0.17763.7136affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2022

    • 10.0.20348.0 and later · before 10.0.20348.3453affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation)

    • 10.0.25398.0 and later · before 10.0.25398.1551affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2025

    • 10.0.26100.0 and later · before 10.0.26100.3775affected

  • Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation)

    • 10.0.26100.0 and later · before 10.0.26100.3775affected

Same product

microsoft: all records

Other highest-scoring records for the same primary product.

  • CVE-2025-59287Windows Server Update Service (WSUS) Remote Code Execution VulnerabilityKEV
    99Now
  • CVE-2023-24941Windows Network File System Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    67This week
  • CVE-2020-0609A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Windows Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway) when an unauthenticated attacker connects to the
    62This week
  • CVE-2022-30136Windows Network File System Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    61This week
  • CVE-2020-0610A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Windows Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway) when an unauthenticated attacker connects to the
    59Plan
  • CVE-2013-3182The Windows NAT Driver (aka winnat) service in Microsoft Windows Server 2012 does not properly validate memory addresses during the processi
    59Plan

Remediation

Which version to upgrade to

Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.

Product / packageFixed versionSource
Windows Server 20126.2.9200.25423 · KB5055581Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation)6.2.9200.25423 · KB5055581Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2012 R26.3.9600.22523 · KB5055557Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation)6.3.9600.22523 · KB5055557Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 201610.0.14393.7969 · KB5055521Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)10.0.14393.7969 · KB5055521Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 201910.0.17763.7136 · KB5055519Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)10.0.17763.7136 · KB5055519Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 202210.0.20348.3453 · KB5055526Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation)10.0.20348.3453 · KB5055526Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation)10.0.25398.1551 · KB5055527Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 202510.0.26100.3775 · KB5055523Microsoft (MSRC)
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation)10.0.26100.3775 · KB5055523Microsoft (MSRC)

Exploit status

Proof of concept available

A public proof of concept or detection signature exists. Exploit knowledge is out there; don't delay patching.

Evidence

  • Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×2

Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.

Public exploit evidence
SourceKindDate
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02025-09-01
Proof-of-concept repository on GitHubstars:02025-09-03

Research context

For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.

Timeline

From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.

  1. Published
  2. First PoC+145 d
  3. TodayOct 13, 2026+553 d
EPSS, last 120 days

FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).

Patch and commit links

Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.

No commit or PR link among the references.

Credits

All researchers

Finders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.

No credits in the CNA record.

Variant candidates

Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.

  • CVE-2025-3307163 days apartWindows KDC Proxy Service (KPSSVC) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2026-69595518 days apartWindows Services for NFS ONCRPC XDR Driver Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2026-78445518 days apartWindows Services for NFS ONCRPC XDR Driver Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    39Monitor
  • CVE-2026-69712518 days apartWindows Key Distribution Center Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    35Monitor
  • CVE-2025-4973591 days apartWindows KDC Proxy Service (KPSSVC) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    32Monitor
  • CVE-2024-49128118 days apartWindows Remote Desktop Services Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    32Monitor

Chain candidates

An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.

—

Bug bounty scope

No known public program.

Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).

Technical details

Attack conditions

  • Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
  • No account or password is required.
  • No user action is required.
  • Special conditions such as timing or configuration are required.

If successful

Confidentiality
high · data can be read
Integrity
high · data or configuration can be modified
Availability
high · the service can be disrupted
Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
High
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality impact
High
Integrity impact
High
Availability impact
High

Weakness class (CWE)

CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVSS vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

nvd-secondary

Root cause

After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.

The bug in code

The whole CWE-416 class

A representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.

Vulnerable

c
free(dev->buf);/* ... another thread is still running ... */process(dev->buf);

Fixed

c
lock(&dev->lock);free(dev->buf);dev->buf = NULL;unlock(&dev->lock);

Attack context

MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.

MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.

Change log

  1. Fix✗ → ✓

For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →

References

Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.

All records