GNU Binutils Linker elfcode.h elf_swap_shdr heap-based overflow
A vulnerability has been found in GNU Binutils 2.45. The affected element is the function elf_swap_shdr in the library bfd/elfcode.h of the component Linker. The manipulation leads to heap-based buffer overflow. The attack must be carried out locally. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of the patch is 9ca499644a21ceb3f946d1c179c38a83be084490. To fix this issue, it is recommended to deploy a patch. The code maintainer replied with "[f]ixed for 2.46".
- BDU:2025-14438
- ALSA-2025:23306
- ALSA-2025:23336
- ALSA-2025:23343
- ALSA-2025:23382
- ALSA-2026:0052
- ALSA-2026:0108
- ALSA-2026:1359
- ALSA-2026:2627
- openSUSE-SU-2025:15651-1
- openSUSE-SU-2025:20150-1
- RHSA-2025:23232
- RHSA-2025:23233
- RHSA-2025:23306
- RHSA-2025:23336
- RHSA-2025:23343
- RHSA-2025:23359
- RHSA-2025:23382
- RHSA-2025:23400
- RHSA-2025:23405
- Published
- Sep 27, 2025
- Updated
- Jul 14, 2026
- EPSS
- 0.3% · 15th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-119
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Report tools
Action score
7
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 7 / 40 · 1.9 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 0 / 30 · 0.3%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- proof of concept
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- partial
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
CNA vs NVD score
- NVD
- —
- CNA · VulDB
- 4.8
- NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| gnu | binutils | cpe:2.3:a:gnu:binutils |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- gnu binutils2.45
Versions reported by the vendor
Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (VulDB). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.
GNU Binutils
- 2.45affected
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlmaLinux:10 | binutils | before 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | binutils-devel | before 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | binutils-gold | before 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | gcc-toolset-15-binutils | before 2.44-7.el10_1.1 | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | gcc-toolset-15-binutils-devel | before 2.44-7.el10_1.1 | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | gcc-toolset-15-binutils-gold | before 2.44-7.el10_1.1 | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 |
| AlmaLinux:10 | gcc-toolset-15-binutils-gprofng | before 2.44-7.el10_1.1 | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | binutils | before 2.30-128.el8_10 | 2.30-128.el8_10 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | binutils-devel | before 2.30-128.el8_10 | 2.30-128.el8_10 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils | before 2.41-4.el8_10.1 | 2.41-4.el8_10.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-devel | before 2.41-4.el8_10.1 | 2.41-4.el8_10.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gold | before 2.41-4.el8_10.1 | 2.41-4.el8_10.1 |
| AlmaLinux:8 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gprofng | before 2.41-4.el8_10.1 | 2.41-4.el8_10.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | binutils | before 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 | 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | binutils-devel | before 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 | 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | binutils-gold | before 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 | 2.35.2-67.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-13-binutils | before 2.40-21.el9_7.1 | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-13-binutils-devel | before 2.40-21.el9_7.1 | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold | before 2.40-21.el9_7.1 | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils | before 2.41-5.el9_7.1 | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-devel | before 2.41-5.el9_7.1 | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gold | before 2.41-5.el9_7.1 | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gprofng | before 2.41-5.el9_7.1 | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 |
| AlmaLinux:9 | gcc-toolset-15-binutils | before 2.44-3.el9_7.1 | 2.44-3.el9_7.1 |
+96
Same product
gnu: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2018-12699finish_stab in stabs.c in GNU Binutils 2.30 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer overflow) or possibly have unsp40Plan
- CVE-2017-7614elflink.c in the Binary File Descriptor (BFD) library (aka libbfd), as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.28, has a "member access within null po40Plan
- CVE-2014-9939ihex.c in GNU Binutils before 2.26 contains a stack buffer overflow when printing bad bytes in Intel Hex objects.40Plan
- CVE-2017-7226The pe_ILF_object_p function in the Binary File Descriptor (BFD) library (aka libbfd), as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.28, is vulnerable to37Monitor
- CVE-2017-6969readelf in GNU Binutils 2.28 is vulnerable to a heap-based buffer over-read while processing corrupt RL78 binaries.37Monitor
- CVE-2020-19726An issue was discovered in binutils libbfd.c 2.36 relating to the auxiliary symbol data allows attackers to read or write to system memory o35Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| almalinux:binutils | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:10 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:binutils-devel | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:10 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:binutils-gold | 2.41-58.el10_1.2.alma.1 · AlmaLinux:10 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-13-binutils | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-13-binutils-devel | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold | 2.40-21.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-14-binutils | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-14-binutils-devel | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gold | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-14-binutils-gprofng | 2.41-5.el9_7.1 · AlmaLinux:9 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-15-binutils | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10 | Package registry (OSV) |
| almalinux:gcc-toolset-15-binutils-devel | 2.44-7.el10_1.1 · AlmaLinux:10 | Package registry (OSV) |
| debian:binutils | 2.46-1 · Debian:14 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-aarch64-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-arm-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-avr-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-bpf-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-epiphany-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-hppa-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-hppa64-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| opensuse:cross-i386-binutils | 2.45-150100.7.57.1 · openSUSE:Leap 15.6 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::baseos | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-debuginfo | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-debugsource | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-devel | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-gold | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::baseos | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-gold-debuginfo | 0:2.35.2-17.el9_0.1 · Red Hat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:binutils-gprofng-debuginfo | 0:2.41-58.el10_1.2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:10.1 | Package registry (OSV) |
| red hat:cross-binutils-aarch64-debuginfo | 0:2.41-58.el10_1.2 · Red Hat:enterprise_linux:10.1 | Package registry (OSV) |
+13
Exploit status
No known public exploit
No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
No dated events beyond publication.
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
- JJLeo (VulDB User)reporter
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
- CVE-2025-1178228 days apartGNU Binutils ld libbfd.c bfd_putl64 memory corruption25Monitor
- CVE-2025-0840241 days apartGNU Binutils objdump.c disassemble_bytes stack-based overflow25Monitor
- CVE-2025-5244123 days apartGNU Binutils ld elflink.c elf_gc_sweep memory corruption19Monitor
- CVE-2025-5245123 days apartGNU Binutils objdump debug.c debug_type_samep memory corruption19Monitor
- CVE-2025-1176228 days apartGNU Binutils ld elflink.c _bfd_elf_gc_mark_rsec heap-based overflow9Monitor
- CVE-2025-1179228 days apartGNU Binutils ld libbfd.c bfd_putl64 memory corruption9Monitor
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Someone with local access to the system can trigger it.
- A low-privileged account is enough.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Attack vector
- Local
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- Low
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- X
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-119 · Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory BufferCVSS vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
nvd-secondary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Overflow BuffersCAPEC-100likelihood: High · Very High
- Buffer ManipulationCAPEC-123likelihood: High · Very High
- Client-side Injection-induced Buffer OverflowCAPEC-14likelihood: Medium · High
- Filter Failure through Buffer OverflowCAPEC-24likelihood: High · High
- MIME ConversionCAPEC-42likelihood: High · High
- Overflow Binary Resource FileCAPEC-44likelihood: High · Very High
- Buffer Overflow via Symbolic LinksCAPEC-45likelihood: High · High
ATT&CK techniques
—
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for all 385,000+ vulnerabilities; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for helpChange log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
- sourceware.org/bugzilla/attachment.cgi?id=16353
- sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=binutils-gdb.git;h=9ca499644a21ceb3f946d1c179c38a83be084490
- vuldb.com/?ctiid.326124
- vuldb.com/?id.326124
- vuldb.com/?submit.661277
- www.gnu.org/
- cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.