.
. The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows an unprivileged user to achieve access to freed memory, leading to information disclosure or root privilege escalation. This affects Bifrost r16p0 through r29p0 before r30p0, Valhall r19p0 through r29p0 before r30p0, and Midgard r28p0 through r30p0.
- Published
- May 24, 2021
- Updated
- Jun 16, 2026
- EPSS
- 3.0% · 87th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-416
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Report tools
Action score
66
This week
Don’t wait for the next maintenance window.
- CVSS
- 35 / 40 · 8.8 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 30 / 30 · Listed
- EPSS
- 1 / 30 · 3.0%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- active
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- total
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
Actively exploited in the wild
CISA added this to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on Jul 7, 2023. That signals real attacks, not theory.
Remediation deadline for government agencies: Jul 28, 2023.
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| arm | bifrost gpu kernel driver | cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver |
| arm | midgard gpu kernel driver | cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver |
| arm | valhall gpu kernel driver | cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- arm bifrost gpu kernel driverr16p0 and later · before r30p0
- arm midgard gpu kernel driverr28p0 and later · before r31p0
- arm valhall gpu kernel driverr19p0 and later · before r30p0
Same product
arm: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2022-38181The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows unprivileged users to access freed memory because GPU memory operations are mishandled.KEV69This week
- CVE-2021-28663The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading tKEV69This week
- CVE-2021-28664The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or a denial of service (memory corruption) because an unprivileged user can achieKEV67This week
- CVE-2024-4610Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operationsKEV61This week
- CVE-2022-22706Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows a non-privileged user to achieve write access to read-only memory pages.KEV61This week
- CVE-2022-28349Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver has a use-after-free: Midgard r28p0 through r29p0 before r30p0, Bifrost r17p0 through r23p0 before r24p0, and Val39Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
No fix version is recorded for this entry. Check the references for vendor advisories.
Exploit status
Weaponized
A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- Published
- CISA KEV+773 d
- TodaySep 30, 2026+1955 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
The product’s vendor appears in a public program. Matched by name; verify the scope text in the program.
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- A low-privileged account is enough.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- high · data can be read
- Integrity
- high · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- high · the service can be disrupted
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- Low
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Unchanged
- Confidentiality impact
- High
- Integrity impact
- High
- Availability impact
- High
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-416 · Use After FreeCVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
nvd-primary
Root cause
After a memory region is freed, another reference pointing to it is still used. By then, the same region may have been allocated for different data.
The bug in code
The whole CWE-416 classA representative example of this vulnerability class. Not the vendor's source code; it shows the faulty pattern and its fix.
Vulnerable
free(dev->buf);/* ... another thread is still running ... */process(dev->buf);Fixed
lock(&dev->lock);free(dev->buf);dev->buf = NULL;unlock(&dev->lock);Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
MITRE has no CAPEC/ATT&CK mapping for this CWE.
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for all 385,000+ vulnerabilities; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for helpChange log
No changes recorded on tracked fields yet. Score, KEV, exploit maturity and fix status changes appear here.
References
- developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver
- www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-29256
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.