Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:,
Noroxi assessment
Priority: Now (action score 99/100)
- CISA has confirmed exploitation in the wild (Mar 25, 2022). Remediation deadline for US federal agencies: Apr 15, 2022.
- A ready-made attack module is public (Metasploit, Nuclei); exploiting it takes no special expertise.
- Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 99.9% (FIRST EPSS); higher than 99.9% of all records.
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it. No account or password is required. No user action is required. No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
- According to CISA the attack is automatable: targets can be found by mass scanning.
- Fixed version: org.apache.struts:struts2-core (Maven) 2.3.15.1.
Patch today or shut off access. Upgrade to org.apache.struts:struts2-core (Maven) 2.3.15.1 or later.
Generated automatically from the record's data: CVSS (NVD and CNA), CISA KEV and SSVC, FIRST EPSS, exploit sources, fixed versions. How we calculate it
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.
- Published
- Jul 19, 2013
- Updated
- Jun 16, 2026
- EPSS
- 100.0% · 100th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-74
Report tools
Action score
99
Now
Patch today or shut off access.
- CVSS
- 39 / 40 · 9.8 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 30 / 30 · Listed
- EPSS
- 30 / 30 · 100.0%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- active
- Automatable
- yes
- Technical impact
- total
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
Actively exploited in the wild
CISA added this to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on Mar 25, 2022. That signals real attacks, not theory.
Remediation deadline for government agencies: Apr 15, 2022.
Get told when this record changes
- In CISA KEV: exploitation in the wild confirmed
- Weaponized exploit exists
- A fix has been released
If any of these changes, we'll tell you in the daily email digest.
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Noroxi analysis
What does it mean in your environment?
The assessment above is generated automatically from the record's data; it doesn't know your environment. Our team verifies on your systems whether this vulnerability is actually exploitable and which mitigation is enough.
We use this product, ask for helpAffected systems
Is your version affected?
Pick the product and type the version you run. It's compared with this record's version ranges in your browser; the version isn't sent anywhere.
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| apache | archiva | cpe:2.3:a:apache:archiva |
| apache | struts | cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts |
| fujitsu | interstage business process manager analytics | cpe:2.3:a:fujitsu:interstage_business_process_manager_analytics |
| microsoft | windows server 2003 | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2003 |
| microsoft | windows server 2008 | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008 |
| redhat | enterprise linux | cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux |
| microsoft | windows server 2012 | cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012 |
| oracle | solaris | cpe:2.3:o:oracle:solaris |
| oracle | siebel apps - e-billing | cpe:2.3:a:oracle:siebel_apps_-_e-billing |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- apache archiva1.3 and later · before 1.3.8
- apache archiva1.2
- apache archiva1.2.2
- apache struts2.0.0 and later · up to 2.3.15 inclusive
- fujitsu interstage business process manager analytics12.0
- fujitsu interstage business process manager analytics12.1
- oracle siebel apps - e-billing6.1
- oracle siebel apps - e-billing6.1.1
- oracle siebel apps - e-billing6.2
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maven | org.apache.struts:struts2-core | before 2.3.15.1 | 2.3.15.1 |
Same product
apache: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2016-4469Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in Apache Archiva 1.3.9 and earlier allow remote attackers to hijack the authenti37Monitor
- CVE-2017-5657Several REST service endpoints of Apache Archiva are not protected against Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.32Monitor
- CVE-2024-27139Apache Archiva: incorrect authentication potentially leading to account takeover30Monitor
- CVE-2024-27138Apache Archiva: disabling user registration is not effective30Monitor
- CVE-2022-40308Apache Archiva prior to 2.2.9 may allow the anonymous user to read arbitrary files30Monitor
- CVE-2011-1026Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in Apache Archiva 1.0 through 1.2.2, and 1.3.x before 1.3.5, allow remote attacke28Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
| Product / package | Fixed version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Maven:org.apache.struts:struts2-core | 2.3.15.1 | Package registry (OSV) |
Exploit status
Weaponized
A ready exploit tool or active in-the-wild use is known for this vulnerability. This should be your top priority.
Evidence
- Metasploit module ×1
- Exploit-DB entry ×2
- Nuclei detection template ×1
- Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub ×1
Noroxi does not host or link to exploit code. Metasploit module names and Nuclei template ids are shown (names, not code); Exploit-DB entries and PoC repositories are given as counts only.
| Source | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Exploit-DB entry | remote | 2013-07-27 |
| Exploit-DB entry | webapps | 2014-01-14 |
| Metasploit module | exploit/multi/http/struts_default_action_mapperApache Struts 2 DefaultActionMapper Prefixes OGNL Code Executionexploit | 2013-07-02 |
| Nuclei detection template | Nuclei template CVE-2013-2251 | — |
| Proof-of-concept repository on GitHub | stars:0 | 2023-08-04 |
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
- Metasploit-18 d
- Published
- First PoC+7 d
- CISA KEV+3170 d
- TodayOct 13, 2026+4833 d
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
No commit or PR link among the references.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
No credits in the CNA record.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
No nightly-computed relations.
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No user action is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- high · data can be read
- Integrity
- high · data or configuration can be modified
- Availability
- high · the service can be disrupted
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Scope
- Unchanged
- Confidentiality impact
- High
- Integrity impact
- High
- Availability impact
- High
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-74 · Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')CVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
nvd-primary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Server Side Include (SSI) InjectionCAPEC-101likelihood: High · High
- HTTP Request SplittingCAPEC-105likelihood: Medium · High
- Command Line Execution through SQL InjectionCAPEC-108likelihood: Low · Very High
- Double EncodingCAPEC-120likelihood: Low · Medium
- Subverting Environment Variable ValuesCAPEC-13likelihood: High · Very High
- Format String InjectionCAPEC-135likelihood: High · High
- Client-side Injection-induced Buffer OverflowCAPEC-14likelihood: Medium · High
Change log
- Fix✗ → ✓
For records you follow, these changes also arrive as notifications. →
References
Show all references (13 more)Show less
- osvdb.org/98445
- seclists.org/oss-sec/2014/q1/89
- struts.apache.org/release/2.3.x/docs/s2-016.html
- tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20131023-struts2
- www.fujitsu.com/global/support/software/security/products-f/interstage-bpm-analytics-201301e.html
- www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/cpujan2014-1972949.html
- www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/cpujul2015-2367936.html
- www.securityfocus.com/bid/61189
- www.securityfocus.com/bid/64758
- www.securitytracker.com/id/1029184
- www.securitytracker.com/id/1032916
- exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/90392
- www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2013-2251
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.