WebAssembly wabt Malformed File binary-reader-interp.cc OnExport heap-based overflow
A vulnerability was found in WebAssembly wabt 1.0.36 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function wabt::interp::(anonymous namespace)::BinaryReaderInterp::OnExport of the file wabt/src/interp/binary-reader-interp.cc of the component Malformed File Handler. The manipulation leads to heap-based buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue.
Noroxi analysis
No Noroxi analysis for this record yet
We don't hand-write analysis for the hundreds of thousands of vulnerabilities in the database; that wouldn't be honest. For notable, high-impact vulnerabilities our team writes the mechanism, detection and remediation steps.
We use this product, ask for help- Published
- Mar 17, 2025
- Updated
- Jun 17, 2026
- EPSS
- 0.6% · 45th percentile
- CWE
- CWE-119
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Report tools
Action score
21
Monitor
Low priority for now.
- CVSS
- 21 / 40 · 5.3 / 10
- CISA KEV
- 0 / 30 · Not listed
- EPSS
- 0 / 30 · 0.6%
CISA SSVC decision
- Exploitation
- proof of concept
- Automatable
- no
- Technical impact
- partial
Vulnrichment: CISA's decision-tree inputs.
CNA vs NVD score
- NVD
- —
- CNA · VulDB
- 5.3
- NVD has not scored this yet; the score shown is the CNA’s.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
The score given by the assigning authority versus NVD’s independent score. A gap means the severity is contested.
Affected systems
| Vendor | Product | CPE |
|---|---|---|
| webassembly | wabt | cpe:2.3:a:webassembly:wabt |
Affected versions
NVD version ranges (for catalog products). Add the product to your stack with a version and matching uses these.
- webassembly wabt1.0.36
Versions reported by the vendor
Affected version ranges reported by the assigning authority (VulDB). Independent of NVD's CPE analysis and usually ahead of it.
WebAssembly wabt
- 1.0.36affected
Package-level exposure
OSV and GitHub Advisory data: ecosystem, package and range. SBOM matching uses this table.
| Ecosystem | Package | Affected range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian:12 | wabt | all versions | — |
| PyPI | wabt-bin | up to and including 1.0.36 | — |
Same product
webassembly: all recordsOther highest-scoring records for the same primary product.
- CVE-2026-90648wasm2c in WebAssembly wabt through 1.0.41 allows sandbox escape in some situations that primarily involve 32-bit platforms, aka a "table fli28Monitor
- CVE-2022-43282wasm-interp v1.0.29 was discovered to contain an out-of-bounds read via the component OnReturnCallIndirectExpr->GetReturnCallDropKeepCount.28Monitor
- CVE-2022-43280wasm-interp v1.0.29 was discovered to contain an out-of-bounds read via the component OnReturnCallExpr->GetReturnCallDropKeepCount.28Monitor
- CVE-2023-27119WebAssembly v1.0.29 was discovered to contain a segmentation fault via the component wabt::Decompiler::WrapChild.22Monitor
- CVE-2022-43283wasm2c v1.0.29 was discovered to contain an abort in CWriter::Write.22Monitor
- CVE-2025-2584WebAssembly wabt binary-reader-interp.cc GetReturnCallDropKeepCount heap-based overflow9Monitor
Remediation
Which version to upgrade to
Fix versions compiled from the vendor, package registries and Microsoft. Verify the vendor's note before upgrading.
No fix version is recorded for this entry. Check the references for vendor advisories.
Exploit status
No known public exploit
No public exploit has been observed yet. That doesn't mean you're safe, only that the bar is a little higher.
Research context
For pentesters and researchers: attack profile, score disagreement, timeline, patch commits, credits, variant and chain candidates, bug bounty scope. All derived from existing data; no exploit code.
Timeline
From publication to today: proof of concept, Metasploit module, CISA KEV and fix record. Dates are as reported by the sources.
No dated events beyond publication.
FIRST EPSS daily score; only changes of 0.01 or more are recorded (step chart).
Patch and commit links
Commit, PR and diff links among the references. A starting point for patch-diffing and variant hunting; fixes, not exploits.
Credits
All researchersFinders, reporters and analysts named in the CNA record. Click a name for that researcher’s other records.
Variant candidates
Same product, same weakness class, within 18 months. If the patch missed the root cause, the sibling bug is here.
- CVE-2025-25844 days apartWebAssembly wabt binary-reader-interp.cc GetReturnCallDropKeepCount heap-based overflow9Monitor
- CVE-2025-627594 days apartWebAssembly wabt binary-reader-interp.cc GetFuncOffset use after free7Monitor
- CVE-2025-15411290 days apartWebAssembly wabt wasm-decompile InsertNode memory corruption7Monitor
- CVE-2025-15412290 days apartWebAssembly wabt wasm-decompile VarName out-of-bounds7Monitor
Chain candidates
An authentication bypass and a privilege-requiring bug in the same product, published close together: combined they may become an unauthenticated path.
—
Bug bounty scope
No known public program.
Source: bounty-targets-data (public HackerOne, Bugcrowd, Intigriti, YesWeHack listings).
Technical details
Attack conditions
- Anyone who can reach it over the internet can trigger it.
- No account or password is required.
- No special conditions are required; it is repeatable.
If successful
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Attack vector
- Network
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- P
- Scope
- X
Weakness class (CWE)
CWE-119 · Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory BufferCVSS vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
nvd-secondary
Attack context
MITRE CAPEC attack patterns and ATT&CK techniques for this weakness class (CWE). A starting point for detection rules and threat hunting.
Attack patterns (CAPEC)
- Buffer Overflow via Environment VariablesCAPEC-10likelihood: High · High
- Overflow BuffersCAPEC-100likelihood: High · Very High
- Buffer ManipulationCAPEC-123likelihood: High · Very High
- Client-side Injection-induced Buffer OverflowCAPEC-14likelihood: Medium · High
- Filter Failure through Buffer OverflowCAPEC-24likelihood: High · High
- MIME ConversionCAPEC-42likelihood: High · High
- Overflow Binary Resource FileCAPEC-44likelihood: High · Very High
- Buffer Overflow via Symbolic LinksCAPEC-45likelihood: High · High
ATT&CK techniques
—
Change log
No changes recorded on tracked fields yet. Score, KEV, exploit maturity and fix status changes appear here.
References
- github.com/WebAssembly/wabt/issues/2537
- github.com/WebAssembly/wabt/pull/2541
- vuldb.com/?ctiid.299867
- vuldb.com/?id.299867
- vuldb.com/?submit.515327
Vendor advisories and official records. Exploit/PoC links are deliberately left out.